11, 12 Life Cycle I and II

Question 1

Define a transitional object.

Answer 1

Donald Winnicott:

Object that a child forms an attachment with to aid in self-soothing. Represents mother.

Question 2

Infancy

Age, primary task, parent task, and behavioral problem.

Answer 2

Birth to 18 months.
Primary task: establish a secure attachment, leading to basic trust.
Neurological development is critical factor.
Parent task: sensitive and attuned parenting to create symbiotic attachment and build self-efficacy.
Behavioral problems: inability to keep rules, lack of guilt, craving for attention.

Question 3

Transient exuberance

Answer 3

Brain begins to process every new experience (rapid at birth-4yo)

Question 4

Hatching

Age, primary task, parent task, and behavioral problem.

Answer 4

5-10 months.
Primary task: Shift attention to outside, including “quiet times,” and pleasure in stim from outside world.
Parent task: Balance - not too intrusive or withdrawn, help build confidence.
Behavioral problems: Fears loss of mothering parent, stranger anxiety.

Question 5

Stranger anxiety

Answer 5

Distress with unfamiliar persons, begins at 6 months, peaks at 10 months.
Requires ability to remember mother’s face, compare with others and realize difference.

Question 6

Peek-a-boo

Answer 6

Important. 7 months.
Pt has control over appearance/disappearance of figures - lowers anxiety.
Develops object permanence.

Question 7

Practicing

Age, primary task, parent task, and behavioral problem.

Answer 7

10-16 months.
Primary task: Developing walking, separation from mother, autonomy and mastery.
Parent task: Build self esteem, minimize shame/humiliation, manage parental delight and frustration.
Behavioral problems: loss of transitional object.

Question 8

Separation Anxiety

Answer 8

Fear of being left by caretaker.

Begins at 8-9 months, peaks at 14 mos.

Question 9

Self-Awareness experiment

Answer 9

15-18 months.

“Rouge and Mirror” Experiment showed children above 12 months reacted to rouge mark on nose.

Question 10

Rapprochement

Age, primary task, parent task, and behavioral problem.

Answer 10

16-24 months. Toddler.
Primary task: Increased autonomy, sense of omnipotence, internalize rules.
Parent task: Support dependency needs while encouraging freedom.
Behavioral problems: Loss of parents’ love or loss of self assertion results in significant loss.

Question 11

Terrible 2’s

Age, primary task, parent task, and behavioral problem.

Answer 11

Primary task: Assertion.
Parent task: Ignore temper tantrums, never reinforce by giving (forms manipulative behavior), don’t take oppositional behavior personally.

Question 12

Self-Assertion/Comparative power

Answer 12

Positive outcome = intentional direction of one’s self and body, independent of external authority.

Question 13

Developmental goal of Intentionality and WIll

Answer 13

Exercising will, but also relaxing one’s will in order to be spontaneous, experience abandon, listen/comply/submit

Question 14

Winnicott, Pre-school

Answer 14

3-5yo. Pleasure and pride, guilt, conscience, sex role identity.
Parental tasks: encourage talking about feelings and thoughts, respect child’s needs, foster curiosity, take child’s perspective seriously.

Question 15

Sex differences

Answer 15

Biological

Question 16

Gender differences

Answer 16

Cultural differences in behavior and roles of males and females
Age 3: know male vs. female diff. are for life.
Age 4: toys and roles.
Age 2-5: preference for same-sex play.
Pre-school: confuse sex and gender.
Age 6: Prefer own sex.

Question 17

Pre-School

Answer 17

Imagination and play.

Assimilate reality into fantasies.

Question 18

School-age

Answer 18

Child is influenced by outside forces, world is a place of laws and customs to be learned and internalized.

Question 19

Childhood

Age, primary task, parent task, and behavioral problem.

Answer 19

Major tasks: become capable and competent, challenged to move away from parents and learn/achieve in the world.
Parent task: Let go, be supportive, neither too-involved or under involved.

Question 20

School developmental tasks

Answer 20

New physical skills, gender roles.
Learn positive self concept, language development, gender roles, conscience, independence.

Learn restraint and self-regulation, increase attention span. Concrete operations.

Question 21

Automization

Answer 21

Well-practiced mental activities, like riding a bike, playing instrument.

Question 22

Moral development

Answer 22

consequences -> emphasis on rules -> consider intent -> seek social approval

Question 23

Childhood Key areas of Health Risk

Answer 23

Chronic conditions, injuries, learning/attention problems, anxiety.
Risk = defined by medical/behavioral issues.

Question 24

Factors precipitating behavioral “disorders”

Answer 24

May be normal, stress-induced, reflect parent-child conflict, or indicative of maturational changes.

*Behavior of child can reflect emotional state of a parent.

Question 25

SIDS

Answer 25

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

Risk: smoking, drinking, drug use, pre-mature/low birth weight, poor prenatal care, teen mother, sleeping on stomach.

Question 26

Enuresis

Answer 26

Primary - child never attained sustained dryness.
Secondary - wetting after achieving sustained dryness.

Ages 3-8. Common at night.

Question 27

Encopresis

Answer 27

Bowel incontinence after control has been achieved. More serious than enuresis. Common in boys.

Question 28

Red Flags

Answer 28

Setting fires, violent behavior, cruelty to animals.

Question 29

Pica

Answer 29

Eating non-nutritional objects. Starts at age 2.