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3018 - Abnormal Psychology > 8 Depression > Flashcards

8 Depression Flashcards

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1
Q

Is there any qualitative difference between depression and normal sadness?

A

Nope.

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2
Q

What’s the difference in causality between depression and normal sadness?

A

Depression occurs with no obvious trigger.

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3
Q

What are the two depressive (unipolar) disorders in DSM-IV?

A
  1. Major depressive disorder

2. Dysthymic disorder

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4
Q

What are the three bipolar disorders in DSM-IV?

A
  1. Bipolar 1 disorder
  2. Bipolar 2 disorder
  3. Cyclothymic disorder
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5
Q

What kind of depression is more common, bipolar or unipolar?

A

Unipolar

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6
Q

What are the 2 NECESSARY conditions (of at least 5 in total) for major depression in DSM-IV? I.e. you need at least one of these two for a diagnosis

A
  1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day

2. Markedly diminished pleasure/interest in activities

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7
Q

How long is the bereavement exclusion for major depression?

A

Two months –after that diagnosis is major depression

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8
Q

What is the average number of episodes in the lifetime of major depression sufferers?

A

4

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9
Q

Every time you have an episode of major depression, it increases chance of relapse by ___%

A

Every time you have an episode of major depression, it increases chance of relapse by 16%

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10
Q

What are the 6 subtypes of major depression in DSM-IV?

A
  1. Chronic (2 years or longer)
  2. With psychotic features
  3. Seasonal onset (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
  4. Postpartum onset
  5. Atypical (weight gain, oversleep, rejection sensitivity)
  6. Melancholic
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11
Q

What are three symptoms of atypical depression, that distinguish it from typical?

A
  1. Weight gain (instead of usual loss)
  2. Oversleep (instead of insomnia)
  3. Sensitivity to rejection
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12
Q

What are the three alternative subtypes of depression suggested by Parker (2000) of the Black Dog Institute?

A
  1. Melancholic
  2. Psychotic
  3. Non-melancholic
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13
Q

What is distinctive about the disorder of melancholic depression suggested by Parker (2000) of the Black Dog Institute?

A

Lack of reactivity. Those with melancholic depression can’t be cheered up.

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14
Q

Parker et al. of the Black Dog Institute see melancholic subtypes of depression as ___________ or biological depression

A

Parker et al. of the Black Dog Institute see melancholic subtypes of depression as endogenous or biological depression

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15
Q

What, according to Parker (2000) are the differences in treatment efficacy between a) melancholic and psychotic depression b) non-melancholic depression?

A

Melancholic and psychotic depression respond better to biological treatments. Non-melancholic subtypes more likely to respond to placebo and psychological interventions

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16
Q

What is the argument against the distinctiveness of melancholic depression?

A

Melancholic depression is just really severe depression. Psychological intervention is less effective with severe depression aspatient is simply too down to participate effectively in therapy.

17
Q

What is the DSM-5 name for what was known as Dysthymic Disorder in DSM-IV?

A

Persistent depressive disorder

18
Q

How have mood disorders been reclassified in DSM-5?

A

Mood disorders have been split into:

1) Depressive Disorders
2) Bipolar and Related Disorders

19
Q

What has happened to the grief exclusion from Major Depressive Disorder?

A

It’s been removed. The bereaved can now qualify as having major depressive disorder.

20
Q

So… the new category of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder? Who is it for? What are the criteria?

A

For children who can’t regulate their anger.

Criteria include:

Severe recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to the provocation.

Persistent irritability between outbursts.

Diagnosis not to be made before 6 or after 18.

21
Q

What’s the lifetime prevalence of MDD?

A

16%

22
Q

What’s the one-year prevalence of MDD in Australia?

A

5.8%

23
Q

What are four plausible reasons for the steady increase in prevalence of major depression since the 1950s?

A

1) Rate of change increased. More stressful lives
2) Decreased social and family support
3) More acceptable to report symptoms
4) Overdiagnosis (only need two weeks of symptoms)

24
Q

What’s the gender (im)balance for major depressive disorder?

A

2:1 females to males

25
Q

How does the gender ratio for major depression change across age?

A

More females than males – EXCEPT in childhood and over 65, where it’s 1:1

26
Q

What is the trend in diagnosis across age?

A

People are being diagnosed with major depression younger and younger.

27
Q

What is the erroneous inference made in medical explanations of depression?

A

Causation is inferred from treatment efficacy.

28
Q

Using the analogy of taking an aspirin for a headache, what is the error made in the serotonin hypothesis for depression?

A

It is stated that since SSRIs increase serotonin levels and help depression, the disorder must be caused by low serotonin levels. But by the same logic, a headache could be said to be caused by low aspirin levels.

29
Q

What is the problem with inferring depression causation from brain structural abnormalities?

A

These are just correlations, they don’t show causation. Don’t show these differences were there before the depression was there. Depression may have caused these abnormalities. There could also be a third cause of both.

30
Q

What does the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis do?

A

Regulates response to stress.

31
Q

What difference in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis has been found in depressives?

A

It’s overactive.

32
Q

What effects on the brain are caused by excess cortisol, which might cause depression?

A

Excess of cortisol may be involved in hippocampal damage and downgrading of Serotonin receptor sensitivity.

33
Q

What evidence is there that depressives respond to stress differently from normals?

A

More activity in HPA axis.

34
Q

What is the biological stress-diathesis model of depression?

A

That stress is more likely to cause depression in those with a genetic vulnerability.

3018 - Abnormal Psychology (26 decks)

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