4 Psychotherapy effectiveness Flashcards
What is the cause and treatment for psychological distress according to the psychoanalytic model?
Cause: unresolved conflict
Treatment: insight
What is the cause and treatment for psychological distress according to the behavioural model?
Cause: learned responses to stimuli (e.g. generalised responses - bitten by dog, afraid of all)
Treatment: new learning
What is the cause and treatment for psychological distress according to the humanistic model?
Cause: thwarted self-actualisation
Treatment: empathy, unconditional positive regard
What is the cause and treatment for psychological distress according to the cognitive model?
Cause: negative core beliefs, biased thinking
Treatment: cognitive restructuring
What did Eysenck’s classic 1952 study demonstrate about psychotherapy?
Hypothesised that most neuroses get better autonomously over two years. Found people in therapy were no better-off than control. Some were worse, particularly those in psychoanalysis.
What is an EST?
An Empirically Supported Treatment
What non-specific factors might account for finding that treatment is better than none, but that all treatments are equally effective?
- Motivation of client
- Illusion of progress
- Being heard
- Therapist-client alliance
What was the objective of the APA Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures?
To promote psychological procedures that have empirical backing. Known as ‘well-established’ treatments.
What are the two broad APA criteria for a treatment to be classed as ‘well established’?
1) At least two good between group design experiments (RCTs) must show treatment is superior to:
- placebo pill
- psychotherapy placebo
- other treatment
OR
- equivalent or better to an already established treatment
What measures should be put in place to ensure the specific effects of a treatment are measured?
- use treatment manuals
- random allocation, double-blind
- exclude pps with comorbidity (otherwise how do we know which disorder is being affected?)
- characteristics and treatment expertise of therapist must be specified (cf. mindfulness training is more effective if therapists practice mindfulness)
What are the two broad APA criteria for a treatment to be classed as ‘probably efficacious’?
- At least two experiments show that the treatment is superior to waiting-list control group OR
- Meets well-established criteria but experiments not carried out by two different teams
What are the 3 ESTs for anxiety disorders?
- Exposure
- Exposure and Response Prevention
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
What are the 2 ESTs for major depression?
- CBT
- Interpersonal Therapy
What is the EST for child ADHD and conduct disorder?
Parent Management Training
What is the EST for child anxiety disorders?
CBT w parent involvement
