8. Cities And Infrastructure Flashcards by laura l

Urban

Adj meaning about cities

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Investment or funding

Money to pay for an activity either from government or business

Lack of investments and funding in the form of hight-capacity public transport and increased road space for private vehicles

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Secured investments

Patvirtinti investicijas

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Infrastructure

The physical and system organisation of the city especially in the terms or transport and communications

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High-capacity

Able to handle high volumes of goods or people

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Public transport

Buses trains

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Congestion

Situation of too much traffic, causing delays

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Conurbations

Very large cities which have absorbed other towns

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Transport hubs

Centres where many routes converge

Such as integrated road and rail facilities which can connect public and private transport, thus reducing bottlenecks

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Facilities and amenities

Places providing any service to the public, either private or public sector

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Bottleneck

A place where congestion regularly happens

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Overcrowding

A situation where too many people try to live in one place

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Hinterland

The area around the city affected by its development

People migrate from hinterland and settle in urban areas, putting strain on amenities, housing and above all on transport capacity

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To settle in a place

To move and live there permanently, usually with work and family

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Urban sprawl

The situation where a city expands and buildings are constructed without control or laws

Urban sprawl has resulted in the rapid expansion of many Asian cities, with resulting damage to the enviroment

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Public-private partnerships

Projects funded jointly by the government and business to reduce the cost to the taxpayer

In vestments through subsidies of partnerships

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Civic pride

The pride felt in the town/ city where you live , its people and infrastructure

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Tax incentives

Reductions in tax to encourage people to do or buy something

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Home working

Working in your home for all or part of the week

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To commute

To travel a long distance to work everyday

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Suburbs

The residential areas around the city

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The inner city

The older, central part of a city

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Communal car- pooling

A voluntary system for people to travel in a shared car to reduce fuel use

To develop more flexible patterns of transport, such as communal car pooling, which could reduce reliance on existing system and vehicles

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Outdated

Old-fashioned and not relevant today

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Innovations

New ideas or things which are usually useful or exciting

A burden

A weight or responsibility which is difficult to cope with Innovations in ways of working and traveling to reduce the burden on the system

Lengthy journeys

Ilgos, istestos kwliones

Frustrating

Erzinancios Frustrations nusivylimai a. To prevent (someone) from accomplishing a purpose or fulfilling a desire; thwart: A persistent wind frustrated me as I tried to rake the leaves. b. To cause feelings of discouragement, annoyance, or lack of fulfillment in: She was frustrated by his inability to remember her birthday. 2. To prevent from coming to fruition or fulfillment; render ineffectual: frustrated his ambition; frustrated their scheme for reform. adj having feelings of dissatisfaction or lack of fulfilment frustrated adjective disappointed, discouraged, infuriated, discontented, exasperated, resentful, embittered, irked, disheartened,

Existing network

To many vehicles use the existing network and congestions are inevitable

Stertched system

Stretched sustem os often pushed to a critical point, causing cancellations and breakdowns in the technology used, especially in situations of urban sprawl such as in latin america

Foster

Skatinti, puoseleti, ugdyti Fosters a sense of public pride

Urban crime

Miestu nusikalstamumas

Traffic fatalities

Keliu zutys

Problematic/ heavier congestions will become

Voyage

By ship

Journey

By land

Fare

Bus route, bus lane

Traffic jam

Package tourist

Independent traveler

Weekend off, weekend away

Rush hour

Off peak

Budget airlines

Lorry

Truck

Road rage

Mobility

Traffic-calming measures

Specially-built obstacles

Traffic-free zone

Subsidise

Hi t

Black spot

Pedestrians

Bridges and dams are structurally deficient and functionally obsolete and reliability of most levees is uncertain

government could redirect funding from the military and interest on the debt to repair our broken system

Americans rarely hear about infrastructure problems because the banker-owned and corporate-controlled media is hand in hand with the government, and uses it for their own agendas far more than for the smooth operation of our shared operational systems. It would serve everyone to bring in experts to explain the problems in their field and work together on new, innovative solutions. It could be televised and address ongoing questions such as how to fund immediate and ongoing infrastructure needs and how to sustain an integrated, cooperative national plan while maintaining local, community control.

Life-Cycle Analysis: The cost of infrastructure is ongoing. As new projects are undertaken and old ones are repaired, it makes sense to evaluate all foreseeable costs including construction, maintenance, operation, environmental impact, and any other associated costs. This helps municipalities or the owners of infrastructure to budget for ongoing maintenance, avoid creating systems that are unaffordable, and anticipate future needs.

New infrastructure projects are not cheap. By performing a cost-benefit analysis, you can figure out whether or not the project is worth it. For example, if a city is looking to install a new, expensive rail line, it can determine whether or not the benefits outweigh the costs by estimating future ridership rates, impact on traffic and congestion, improvement of air quality, potential development around the rail corridor, impact on real estate prices, new business development, tourism rates, and the projected revenue for the city. In many cases, what initially seems like a dauntingly expensive project turns out to be financially feasible and a good source of ongoing interest for the community.

Feasible

Ivykdomas

Anticipate

Numatyti

ince 1990, the demand for electricity has gone up 25%.[1] The existing national transmission grid is not designed to meet the current demand, resulting in bottlenecks and an increased risk of blackouts.

ne of the ways we can address this is by expanding the grid in wind-rich states such as Kansas and North Dakota to attract investment in wind-power. This would help meet the increased demand and encourage a shift to renewable energy sources. It would also increase revenue for farmers who could lease a small portion of their land to wind companies, allowing them to collect around $2,000/year in royalties for every wind turbine. For more on the benefits of wind-power see the “renewable energy” section below.

When it comes to infrastructure, there are many practical green approaches that save considerable amounts of money and are better for our health and the environment. Check out some of the possibilities below.

Green water systems: Rainwater catchment systems This conserves water, saves money for homeowners, and puts less pressure on sewer systems by reducing storm-water runoff. Green roofs If you fly above a city, you may notice that for the most part, rooftops are un-used or under-utilized. In cities especially, this contributes to what’s referred to as “urban-heat island”, or higher temperatures due to dense concentrations of buildings and pavement. This can be alleviated with green roofs, which are planted rooftops that have an overall cooling effect. Green roofs vary in form, but have similar benefits including storm-water retention, energy savings from reduced heating and cooling costs, improved air quality, and increased carbon sequestration. This industry is growing in Europe and has been developing increasing interest in the U.S. in recent years.

T | http://www.thrivemovement.com/sector_solutions-infrastructure

Allocating public money

Prosperity

Gerove, klestejimas, vesejimas

Global phenomenon of urbanisation from the beginning of industrialisation to the present day

Albeit

Nors ir, although, while, whilst

Metropolitan centre

Didmiestis

Exorbitant

Plesikiskas, pernelyg didelis Exorbitant property prices

Overcrowding

Increased vulnerability to terrorist attack

Density of london

To counter

Atremti, priesintis

Foiled

Sukliudyti, sugadinti

Myriad

Daugybe, begalimis, nesuskaiciuojamas

Quell

Numalsinti, sutramdyti