Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

T1 Phys > 8 Circulatory System > Flashcards

8 Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. transportation
    1. nutrients & wastes
    2. hormones
  2. immunity & protection
    1. clotting
    2. disease/infection
  3. regulation
    1. pH
    2. body temperature
    3. fluid levels (~5 litres of blood in body at any given time)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the structures of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where the boundaries of the mediastinum and what does it contain?

A
  • A mass of organs and tissues that separates the lungs
  • Boundaries:
    • Superiorly: first rib
    • Inferiorly: diaphragm
    • Anteriorly: sternum
    • Posteriorly: vertebral column
  • Contains:
    • Heart and its large vessels
    • Trachea
    • Esophagus
    • Thymus & lymph nodes
    • Connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s a general description of the pericardium?

A
  • CT membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
  • consists of 2 parts:
    • fibrous pericardium
    • serous pericardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s the fibrous pericardium, what does it attach to and what’s its function?

A
  • most superficial part of pericardium
  • tough, inelastic, dense irregular CT
  • attaches to the diaphragm inferiorly
  • attaches to the CT of the blood vessels superiorly
  • it holds the heart in the mediastinum and allows for movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the serous pericardium.

A
  • thinner and deep to the fibrous pericardium
  • forms a double layer around the heart
  • outer layer: parietal layer of the serous pericardium
    • fused to the fibrous pericardium
  • inner layer: visceral layer of hte serous pericardium
    • aka epicardium
    • attached to the heart muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s the pericardial cavity?

A
  • the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
  • filled with pericardial fluid (a thin layer of fluid to reduce friction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the aka for epicardium and what’s it made of?

A
  • aka visceral layer of the serous pericardium
  • simple squamous epithelium and CT
    • gives the outer surface a smooth, slippery texture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s myocardium?

A
  • cardiac muscle tissue
  • site of contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s endocardium?

A
  • endothelium overlying a thin layer of CT
    • provides a smooth lining for the chambers and valves of the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What’s endothelium?

A

the layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which veins does the right atrium receive blood from?

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The cusps of the A-V valves are connected to tendon-like cords called ___ ___

A

cordae tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cordae tendineae are anchored to the ventricular wall by ___ ___

A

papillary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Blood is ejected by the right ventricle through the ___ ___ valve into the pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary semilunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The ___ ___ divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries

A

pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there and where do they feed into?

A

4; left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the AKAs for the left atrioventricular (AV) valve?

A

aka bicuspid valve, mitral valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s the aka for the right atrioventricular (AV) valve?

A

aka tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Blood is ejected by the left entricle through the ___ ___ valve into the aorta

A

aortic semilunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Some of the blood in the aorta flows into ___ ___ which supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood

A

coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Coronary arteries branch off from the ___ and encircle the heart

A

aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When in the cardiac cycle does the heart get its blood supply?

A

between beats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells generate their own APs – they are called ___ ___ because they are self-excitable

A

autorhythmic fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Autorhythmic fibres form structures that do what for the heart?

A
  • set the rhythm of the APs that cause contraction
  • form a conduction system through the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What’s the sequence through which the APs propogate through the heart?

A
  1. SA node
  2. atria
  3. AV node
  4. bundle of His
  5. bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibres
  7. ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What’s the aka for the bundle of His?

A

aka atrioventricular bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Once entering the bundle of His, the APs conduct along the right and left bundle branches which extend along the ___ septum to the ___ of the heart

A

interventricular; apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The ___ fibres quickly conduct APs upward through the ventricles causing ventricular contraction and ejection of blood into the arteries

A

Purkinje

31
Q

Define cardiac output

A

the amount of blood the heart ejects each minute

32
Q

Define:

  • heart rate (HR)
  • stroke volume (SV)
  • cardiac output (CO)
    • what’s average CO?
A
  • heart rate (HR): the number of times the heart beats in 1 minute
  • stroke volume (SV): the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each beat
  • cardiac output (CO): heart rate x stroke volume
    • average CO: ~5L/min
33
Q

Define preload (concerning the heart muscle)

A

the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts

34
Q

Ejection of blood from the heart begins when ___ ___ > ___ ___

A

ventricular pressure; vessel pressure (pulmonary trunk or aorta)

(when the pressure is greater in the ventricles than in the vessels, the semilunar valves open)

35
Q

Define afterload (where the heart muscle is concerned)

A

the pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open

36
Q

What are AKAs for arterioles and capillaries?

A

resistance vessels; exchange vessels

37
Q

BVs (except capillaries) have the same 3-layered arrangement surrounding the lumen. These are:

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
38
Q

What’s Tunica Intima made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium (called endothelium) and a CT basement membrane

39
Q

What’s Tunica Media made of?

A

contains elastic fibres and smooth muscle

40
Q

What’s Tunica Externa made of, what does it do/support, and what’s its aka?

A
  • contains elastic and collagen fibres
  • supports BVs an d anchors them to surrounding structures
  • aka tunica adventitia
41
Q

What % of fluid and what % of cells in the blood?

A

55% fluid; 45% cells

42
Q

What are the three general functions of blood?

A
  • transportation (nutrients, wastes, heat, hormones)
  • regulation (pH, body temperature, fluid levels)
  • protection (vs blood loss, foreign invaders)
43
Q

Describe blood plasma

A
  • the fluid matrix of blood
  • contains dissolved substances (including nutrients, wastes, hormones)
44
Q

What are the blood plasma proteins and what’s their purpose?

A
  • albumin: transport protein
  • globulins: some are transport proteins, some are involved in the immune response
  • fibrinogen: essential in blood clotting
45
Q

What are the general types of blood cells and what are their AKAs?

A
  • red blood cells (RBCs) (aka erythrocytes)
  • white blood cells (WBCs) (aka leukocytes)
  • platelets (aka thrombocytes)
46
Q

How long do erythrocytes live?

A

~120 days

47
Q

What’s hemopoiesis (or hematopoiesis)?

A

the formation of RBCs

48
Q

What’s the hematocrit?

A

% of blood volume occupied by RBCs

49
Q

What’s the term denoting lower than normal hematocrit? The term denoting higher than normal?

A
  • Lower than normal: anemia
  • Higher than normal: polycythemia
50
Q

These oxygen carrying proteins, contained within erythrocytes, give blood its red colour

A

hemoglobin

51
Q

What are the main functions of leukocytes?

A
  • fight off foreign invaders
  • phagocytosis
  • immune responses
52
Q

What are the types of leukocytes?

A
  • granular
    • neutrophils (aka polymorphonuclears)
    • eosinophils
    • basophils
  • agranular
    • lymphocytes
      • B lyphocytes
      • T lymphocytes
      • natural killer cells
    • monocytes
53
Q

What are the general functions of each type of granular leukocyte?

A
  • neutrophils (aka polymorphonuclears): most common, function in phagocytosis (esp. bacteria)
  • eosinophils: function in allergic reactions, parasitic infections
  • basophils: function in stress and allergic responses
54
Q

What’s the term denoting increased WBC count? Decreased WBC count?

A

leukocytosis; leukopenia

55
Q

What are the general functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • drainage of excess interstitial fluid
  • transportation of lipids (from the digestive system)
  • protection/immune responses
56
Q

What are the general structures of the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymph (the fluid of the system)
  • lymphatic vessels (to transport the fluid)
  • structure and organs that contain lymph tissue
  • red bone marrow (where various blood cells develop)
57
Q

What are the vessels of lymphatic flow?

A
  1. capillaries
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. trunks
  4. ducts
58
Q

What are lymph nodes, and what’s their function?

A
  • clusters of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) surrounded by a dense CT capsule
  • bean shaped
  • ~600 nodes located along the lymphatic vessels of the body (often in groups, superficial and deep)
  • function: lymph filtration (lymph flows in, foreign substances are trapped and destroyed)
59
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain? The right lymphatic duct?

A

Thoracic duct drains:

  • left side of head and neck
  • left side of chest
  • entire body below the ribs
  • it drains into the left subclavian vein

Right lymphatic duct drains:

  • right side of the head andneck
  • right side of the chest
  • it drains into the right subclavian vein
60
Q

What maintains lymphatic flow?

A
  1. skeletal muscle pump
  2. diaphragmatic breathing/respiratory pump
  3. smooth muscle contraction (in the vessel walls - minimal contribution)
61
Q

This produces B cells and immature T cells (aka pre-T cells)

A

red marrow

62
Q

Describe the location and function of the Thymus

A
  • located in the mediastinum
  • produces mature T cells from pre-T cells
    • Has “mugshot book” of all pathogens the body has ever encountered. Trains T cdells. T cells must be “fully trained” or they’ll be killed.
  • large at birth, significantly atrophied by maturity
63
Q

Describe the general structure, location and function of the spleen

A
  • large mass of lymphatic tissue between the stomach and the diaphragm
  • filters blood (similar to the processs in a lymph node)
  • removes ruptured, worn out, defective RBCs
  • stores platelets and monocytes
64
Q

What’s the immune system’s first line of defence?

A
  • skin: tightly packed keratinized cells, shedding
  • mucous membranes: mucous traps microbes, cilia sweeps them out
  • body fluiids
    • sweat flushes the skin
    • tears wash the eye
    • saliva washes the teeth and mucous membranes
    • urine: regular flow reduces microbial growth
    • gastric juice: stomach acid destroys many bacteria
    • defecation removes microbes
    • vomiting removes microbes
65
Q

What’s the immune system’s second line of defense?

A
  • antimicrobial proteins: discourage microbial growth
  • natural killer (NK) cells: recognize and kill microbes
  • phagocytes (fixed and wandering): eat microbes
    • fixed: histiocytes (CT), Kupffer cells (liver), alveolar macrophages (lungs), microglia (CNS)
  • inflammation: a non-specific response to tissue damage designed to remove microbes etc., prevent their spread, and prepare the site for repair
  • fever: intensifies antiumicrobial protein activity, inhibits microbial growth, speeds up repair
66
Q

What’s an antigen?

A

a substance that is recognized as foreign and elicits an immune response

67
Q

What are the 2 types of specific immune defences/responses?

A
  • cell-mediated
  • antibody-mediated
68
Q

In cell-mediated immune responses, what happens when an invader is recognized?

A

T-cells

  • activate
  • enlarge
  • proliferate
  • differentiate (into:)
    • helper T cells (trigger proliferation, perform other immune functions)
    • cytotoxic T cells: migrate to the site and destroy the invader
    • memory T cells: remain after the response, they don’t attack but with future infections (same invader), they make for a faster and stronger response
69
Q

In antibody-mediated immune responses, what happens when an invader is recognized?

A

B-cells:

  • activate
  • enlarge
  • differentiate (into:)
    • plasma cells which secrete antibodies
    • memory B cells: remain after the response, they don’t attack but with future infections (same invader), they make for a faster and stronger response
70
Q

What sorts of things are cell-mediated immune responses effective against?

A

effective against fungi, parasites, viruses, some cancer cells, foreign tissue

71
Q

What sorts of things are cell-mediated immune responses effective against?

A

effective against antigens in body fluids, extracellular pathogens (e.g. bacteria)

72
Q

What’s the aka for antibodies?

A

aka immunoglobulins

73
Q

What are antibodies and what do they do?

A
  • proteins produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen
  • they neutralize, inhibit, or destroy an antigen

T1 Phys (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions