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T1 Phys > 6 Myology > Flashcards

6 Myology Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a general description of muscle tissue, what 3 types of mm tissue are there and what are their general functions?

A
  • specialized cells that use ATP in the generation of force
  • 3 types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
  • functions include: body movement, substance movement, control of substance movement, thermogenesis
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2
Q

What are common characteristics of all mm tissue types?

A
  • electrical excitability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • esasticity
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3
Q

What’s the hierarchy of skeletal mm organization? i.e. its structures from macro to micro

A

Muscle

♦

Fascicle

♦

Muscle Fibre (Muscle Cell - [multinucleat)

♦

Myofibril (organelles within mm fibre that help contribute to contractility) (made up of segments called sarcomeres)

♦

Sarcomere

♦

Actin & Myosin protein fibres

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4
Q

What scale of measurement would be used to measure diameter of mm fascicles? (e.g. meter, cm, mm…)

A

mm

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5
Q

What are mm fascicles made up of?

A

mm fibres

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6
Q

This is the cell (plasma) membrane of the mm cell:

A

sarcolemma

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7
Q

What scale of measurement would be used to measure diameter of mm fascicles? (e.g. meter, cm, mm…)

A

micrometers (millionth) x 100

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8
Q

Tiny invaginations tunnel in from the sarcolemma towards the centre of the mm fibre (allow AP to travel deeper into mm). These are called:

A

transverse tubules

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9
Q

The cytoplasm of mm fibres (lots of glycogen) is called:

A

sarcoplasm

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10
Q

A protein that binds oxygen that has diffused into the mm fibre and delivers it to the mitochondria:

A

myoglobin

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11
Q

Can you increase number of mm cells or myofibrils in the body?

A
  • mm cells: can’t increase number
  • myofibriles: can incrase with exercise
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12
Q

What’s a general description of myofibrils?

A
  • specialized contractile organelles of the mm cell
  • they extend the length of the mm fibre
  • they are held in place by cytoskeletal proteins
  • sarcoplasmic reticiulum: fluid filled tubes and sacs running along and surrounding each myofibril – they store and release calcium into the cell (when it’s needed)
  • contain a number of sarcomeres arranged in series (end to end)

pp108-9

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13
Q

What’s a general description of the sarcomere?

A
  • the funcitonal unit of a myobiril (of contraction)
  • contain 2 contractile proteins: actin and myosin (these show as striations)
  • actin: makes up the thin filaments
  • myosin: makes up the thick filaments (these pull actin closer together, resulting in contraction)
  • thick and thin filaments overlap and their interaction is what generates force/contraction
  • their overlap also creases light and dark stripes which gives skeletal mm its striated appearance
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14
Q

The nerve cell that stimulates muscles to contract is called a:

A

motor neuron

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15
Q

Each motor neuron axon terminal forms a junction called the ___ junction with the ___ of a number of different muscle cells

A

neuromuscular; sarcolemma

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16
Q

The motor neuron’s axon terminal and the sarcolemma never actually touch – there is a gap between them called the __ __

A

Synaptic cleft

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17
Q

When the signal arrives at the end of the motor neurons axons, It releases and neurotransmitter called ___ which crosses the ___ ___, stimulates the ___ and the muscle continues the signal

A

acetylcholine (ACh); synaptic cleft; sarcolemma

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18
Q

Is skeletal muscle activated by chemical potential, electrical potential, or both?

A

Always chemical; always ACh

19
Q

The functional unit of a myofibril (of contraction) is the:

A

sarcomere

20
Q

The Sarcomere contains two contractile proteins called:

A

actin and myosin

21
Q

There are thin and thick filaments in the sarcomere. What are each called?

A

thin filaments: actin (remember Tiina’s “actinee”)

thick filaments: myosin

22
Q

A nere cell that stimulates muscles to contract is called a:

A

motor neuron

23
Q

The sliding filament mechanism:

  • once the signal reaches the mm fibres, it crosses the ___ ___
  • the signal is then continued by the mm fibres and spreads out across the ___
  • it then travels down the ___ ___ and stimulates the ___ ___ to release calcium

…

A
  • synaptic cleft
  • sarcolemma
  • transverse tubules; sarcoplasmic reticulum
24
Q

The sliding filament mechanism:

…

when the signal reaches the sarcomere:

  • the calcium allows the ___ (of the thick filament) to connect with the ___ (of the thin filament)
  • the ___ pulls (‘slides’) the ___/thin filaments together
  • it disengages and starts the cycle again
  • this ‘ratcheting’ of the filaments uses ___
  • with repitition, it shortens the ___, the myofibril, the muscle fibre, the muscle

…

A
  • myosin; actin
  • myosin; actin
  • ATP
  • sarcomere
25
Q

The sliding filament mechanism:

…

when the APs stop:

  • the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps ___ back inside (this uses ATP)
  • without sufficient ___, the thick filaments cannot continue their ratcheting of the thin filaments
  • tension generation stops
A
  • calcium
  • calcium
26
Q

Muscles fibres store enough ATP to last for ~_ seconds

A

3

27
Q

What are the three ‘energy pathways’ through which ATP can be generated after its reserves in the muscle have been depleted?

A
  1. from creatine phosphate (aka phosphocreatine, ATP-PCr, anaerobic alactic)
  2. anaerobic glycolysis (aka anaerobic glycolysis)
  3. aerobic cellular respiration (aka anaerobic lactic)

Read pp 118-119 in notes for more info

28
Q

The process of making ATP from glucose occurs in the cell cytoplasm and is called ___. Through this process, a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of ___ ___ and 2-3 ATP.

A

glycolysis; pyruvic acid

29
Q

For how long is 1. Creatine Phosphate 2. Anaerobic Glycolysis 3. Aerobic Cellular Repiration capable of supplying energy?

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate: 3-15 seconds
  2. Anaerobic Glycolysis: for 30-40 seconds
  3. Aerobic Cellular Respiration: continuously when at rest; in activities that last longer than 10 minutes, most (90%) of the ATP generated comes from the aerobic system
30
Q

What are the 3 main types of skeletal muscle fibres, and in which order are they recruited?

A
  1. slow oxidative (aka type I, SO)
  2. fast oxidative-glycolytic (aka type IIa, FOG)
  3. fast glycolytic (aka type IIx, FG)

note: these are the reasonably current nomenclatures, but might be called different things in different sources

NB: most muscles are a mix of SO, FOG, FG fibres. Within a given motor unit, all fibre types are the same.

31
Q

Describe Slow Oxidative (SO) Fibres:

A
  • aka type I, slow-twitch fibres
  • recruited 1st (i.e. before type II fibres)
  • fatigue resistant
  • used inendurance-type functions (e.g. maintaining posture, running a marathon)
  • lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries
  • generate ATP via aerobic cellular respiration (i.e. oxygen is available)
  • with immobilization, they atrophy faster (than type II fibres)
32
Q

Describe Fast Oxidatie-Glycolytic (FOG) Fibres:

A
  • aka type IIa fibres
  • recruited 2nd
  • moderately high resistance to fatigue
  • used in endurance (e.g. walking) and shorter-duration functions (e.g. sprinting)
    intermediate amount of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries
  • generate ATP via aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways
33
Q

Describe Fast Glycolytic (FG) Fibres:

A
  • aka type IIx fibres
  • recruited 3rd
  • low resistance to fatigue
  • used in high intensity, short duration activities (e.g. weight lifting, slap shot) and shorter-duration functions (e.g. sprinting)
  • relatively low amounts of mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries
  • generate ATP via anaerobic energy pathways (i.e. glycolysis)
34
Q

What’s the translation for:

  • iso
  • tonic
  • metric
  • kinetic
A
  • iso: equal
  • tonic: resistance
  • metric: measure
  • kinetic: movement
35
Q

What’s isotonic contraction?

A

mm contraction through a range against a resistance that is not changing

36
Q

What’s concentric contraction?

A

a shortening contraction

37
Q

What’s eccentric contraction?

A

A lengthening contraction

38
Q

What’s isometric contraction?

A

Muscle contraction which the length of the muscle does not visibly change

39
Q

What’s variable resistance (re: contraction)?

A

Muscle contractions through a range in which equipment varies the resistance to match the strength curve

40
Q

What’s isokinetic (re: contraction)?

A

Muscle contraction through a range in which the equipment keeps the velocity of movement constant

41
Q

What’s muscle hypertrophy and atrophy?

A

increase/decrease in muscle size

42
Q

What are the connective tissue components of muscle?

A
  • epimysium: surrounds the entire muscle
  • perimysium: take surrounds the fascicles
  • endomysium: surrounds the muscle fibers
43
Q

What connective tissue components are present in:

  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
A
  1. skeletal muscle: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
  2. cardiac muscle: endomysium and perimysium
  3. smooth muscle: endomysium
44
Q

In which types of muscles tissues are contractile proteins organized into sarcomeres?

A
  • skeletal and cardiac: organized into sarcomeres
  • smooth muscle: not organized into sarcomeres (also don’t have transverse tubules)

T1 Phys (9 decks)

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