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T1 Phys > 5 The Nervous System > Flashcards

5 The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the Central Nervous System?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the general functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. sensory
    • detection and input
  2. integrative
    • procsessing/storing/analyzing of sensory info
    • decision-making
  3. motor
    • output
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous tissue cells?

A

neuroglia and neurons

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4
Q

What are the general functions of neuroglia?

A
  • support
  • nourish
  • protect
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5
Q

What are the 3 parts of nerve cells?

A

dendrite, cell body, axon

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6
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron and where they tend to be found in the body.

A
  • several dendrites and one axon
  • most neurons in the brain and spinal cord and all motor neurons
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7
Q

Describe a bipolar neuron.

A

one main dendrite and one axon

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8
Q

Describe unipolar neurons.

A
  • peripheral axon has sensory receptors
  • central axon has axon terminals
  • all sensory neurons in the PNS are unipolar
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9
Q

How are neurons functionally classified?

A
  • sensory neurons
  • motor neurons
  • interneurons
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10
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

electrical and chemical

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11
Q

Define neurotransmitter.

A

a chemical released by the pre-synaptic neuron to affect (excite or inhibit) the post-synaptic neuron(s) or effector (muscle/gland)

NB: neurotransmitter (NT) receptors are specific to the NT released (think lock and key)

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12
Q

How do electrical synapses work?

A

APs conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells through gap junctions (faster than chemical; allows for syncyhronization of function)

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13
Q

How do chemical synapses work?

A
  • when the AP reaches the end of the pre-synaptic neruon, it causes the release of a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binds to the post-synaptic neuron
  • if the nuerotransmitter is excitatory, continuation of the AP is more likely
    if the nuerotransmitter is inhibitory, continuation of the AP is less likely
  • chemical synapses are slower (than electrical)
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14
Q

Are acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, and seratonin neurotransmitters?

A

yes

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15
Q

What are the four types of neuroglia of the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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16
Q

What are the structures of the PNS?

A
  • cranial nerves and their branches
  • spinal nerves and their branches
  • ganglia
  • enteric plexuses
  • sensory receptors
17
Q

Referencing the nervous system, what’s a:

  • nucleus
  • ganglion
  • tract
  • nerve
A
  • nucleus: a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS
  • ganglion: a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
  • tract: a bundle of axons in the CNS
    • tracts interconnect neurons in the spinal cord and brain
  • nerve: a bundle of axons in the PNS
    • spinal nerves connect the spinal cord to the periphery
    • cranial nerves connect thye brain to the periphery
18
Q

What are the four structural parts of the bain?

A
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
  • diencephalon
  • cerebrum
19
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brain stem?

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain
20
Q

This contains centres (necluei) for the control of heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallwing, and vomiting:

A

medulla oblongata

21
Q

Along with the medulla, this contains centres for the control of breathing:

A

pons

22
Q

This contains:

  • centres for reflex visual activities (e.g. reading, tracking moving objects, scanning stationary objects), hearing
  • nuclei called the substantia nigra – neurons that make dopamine extend from it
A

midbrain

23
Q

This is a net-like formation of neural tissue that spreads throughout the brain stem:

A

reticular formation

24
Q

The reticular formation contains the reticular activating system (RAS) which helps:

A
  • consciousness
  • maintain attention
  • prevent sensory overload by filtering out insignificant information
  • regulates muscle tone
25
Q

The hypothalamus, thalamus and epithalamus are located in which part of the brain?

A

diencephalon

26
Q

What are the major functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • major regulator of homeostasis
  • controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system
  • hormone production
  • emotion and behavious (with the limbic system)
  • eating, drinking
  • body temperature
  • circadian rhythm (a 24 hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological and/or behavioural processes of living things)
27
Q

What’s the major function of the thalamus?

A

the major relay station for most sensory input to the cerebral cortex

28
Q

This is involved in smelling (especially emotional responses to smells). It also contains the pineal gland.

A

the epithalamus

29
Q

What functions does the white matter of the brain deal with?

A

contains areas that deal with complex functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality traits, intelligence

30
Q

What sorts of things is the basal ganglia (aka basal nuclei) responsible for?

A
  • helps to regulate the starting and stopping of movements
  • helps control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles
  • helps suppress unwanted movement
  • helps to set resting muscle tone
  • functionally, the basal ganglia are linked to the substantia nigra
31
Q

What are functions the limbic system is involved in and what parts of the brain does it include?

A
  • involved in emotion, smelling and memory
  • it includes parts of the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, amygdala, and other nearby structures
32
Q

What are the main functions of the hippocampus?

A
  • functions in memory (necoding, consolidation and retrieval)
  • very important in converting short term memory into long term memory)
33
Q

Anterior median ___ and posterior median ___

A
  • anterior fissure
  • posterior sulcus

T1 Phys (9 decks)

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