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Bio 11 > 8: Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

8: Cell Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Binary Fission

A

cell division in bacteria producing 2 identical cells

  • asexual reproduction
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2
Q

DNA Replication

A

when cell copies its DNA then passes it to both daughter cells

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

thin threads that are visible when cell isn’t undergoing cell division

  • wound around core of 8 proteins (histones)
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4
Q

Histones

A

protein molecules in chromatin

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5
Q

nucleosome

A

each bead of proteins in chromatid

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6
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

duplicated chromosome with 2 identical halves

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7
Q

centromere

A

constricted region that holds sister chromatids together

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8
Q

Interphase

A
  • when cell performs normal functions
  • most time spent during this stage
  • 3 phases:
    • G1
    • S
    • G2
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9
Q

Interphase: G1

A
  • ‘Growth’
  • cell doubles organelles & accumulates materials used for DNA replication
  • must decide whether to move on or not
    • if not, G0 phase
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10
Q

Interphase: S

A
  • ‘Synthesis’
  • each chromatid (singe DNA) turns into 2 sister chromatids
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11
Q

Interphase: G2

A
  • cell synthesizes proteins for cell division
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12
Q

Mitotic (M) Phase

A
  • division of nucleus & cytoplasm
  • Consist os 2 processes
    • Mitosis: nuclear division in cell cycle
    • Cytokinesis
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13
Q

Spindle

A
  • cytoskeleton structure that helps pull chromatids apart
  • made of microtubule fibers that assemble and disassemble
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14
Q

Centrosome

A

microtubules organizing center of cell

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15
Q

Centrioles

A

2 barrel structures in controsome

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16
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • spindle assembles btwn separate centrosomes
  • disappearance of nucleolus
  • breakdown of nuclear envelope
  • spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
17
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes align at spindle equator
  • spindle fibers extend to opposite poles
  • unattached spindle fibers overlap
18
Q

Anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids separate to becme daughter chromasomes
  • each pole recieves daughter chomosome set
  • spindle poles move apart
19
Q

Telophase & Cytokinesis

A
  • spindle disappears
  • new nuclear envelope form around daughter daughter chromosomes
  • division of cytoplasm
20
Q

Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

A
  • cleavage furrow (indentation of membrane btwn nuclei) deepens
  • contractile ring tightens to create furrow
21
Q

Cytokinesis in Plant Cell

A
  • cell builds new plasma membrane
  • flattened disc appears btwn cells
  • cell plate expands until fuses with old membrane
22
Q

Cycle Checkpoints

A

to ensure the creation of new cells are needed

23
Q

G1 checkpoint

A
  • growth factors present
  • DNA not damaged
  • if it is damaged, apoptosis
24
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

verify DNA was replicated properly

25
Q

Checkpoints: Signal

A

molecule that stimulates/inhibits an event

  • external (hormones) & internal signals (cyclins)
26
Q

Cntact Inhibition

A
  • when cells stop dividing
  • prevents overgrowth
27
Q

Telomere

A

repeating DNA base sequence at the end of chromosomes

  • ensure chromosomal stability
  • part of telomere lost after every cell division
28
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death
  • nucleus fragments and engulfed by other cells
  • keep # of cells in check and diseased cells from spreading
29
Q

Somatic cells

A

body cells

30
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

the development of cancer

31
Q

Characteristics of cancer cells? (5)

A
  1. Lack differentiation
  2. Have abnormal nuclei
  3. Don’t undergo apoptosis
  4. Form tumors
  5. Undergo metastasis (malignant cells travel) & promote angiogenesis (formation of new blood cells)
32
Q

Cancer Tx

A
  • removal of tumor
  • prevent cells from reproducing (chemotherapy, hormone therapy)
33
Q

Preventative measures against Cancer

A

avoid smoking, sunbathing, excessive alcohol consumption, protective diet of vitamins and vegetables

Bio 11 (8 decks)

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