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Bio 11 > 4: Inside the Cell > Flashcards

4: Inside the Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of cells
  2. cells come from preexisting cells
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2
Q

2 Types of cells

A
  1. Prokaryotic: no membrane bounded nucleus
  2. Eukaryotic: nucleus holding DNA
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3
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Archaea & Bacteria
  • smaller, simpler
  • reproduce quickly
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4
Q

Bacterial Structure

A
  • Cell wall
  • capsule
  • nucleoid
  • ribosomes
  • flagella
  • fimbriae
  • conjugation pili
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5
Q

Bacterial Cell wall

A

maintain shape of cell

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6
Q

Bacterial Capsule

A

protective layer of polysaccharide outside cell wall

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7
Q

Bacterial Nucleoid

A

where the single coiled chromosome is

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8
Q

Bacterial Ribosomes

A

synthesizes protein

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9
Q

Bacterial Flagella

A

tail appendages that propell bacteria. Filament, hook, basal body.

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10
Q

Bacterial Fimbriae

A

small bristle fibers on cell surface to help attach

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11
Q

Bacterial Conjugation Pili

A

rigid tube structure used to pass DNA

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12
Q

What does Plasma Membrane do?

A
  • marks boundery btwn outside and inside cell
  • regulates molecule & ion passage
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13
Q

Plasma Membrane makeup

A
  • Phospholipid layer: hydrophilic pole facing outward, hydroponic ends inward
  • Glycoproteins: sugars on outside of membrane. Used for immune response and to est. identity.
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14
Q

Channel Proteins

A
  • form tunnel through membrane
  • allow specific molecules to pass
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15
Q

Transport Proteins

A
  • combine with substance to help move across membrane
  • uses input of energy
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16
Q

Cell Recognition Proteins

A
  • Are glycoproteins
  • distinguishes btwn our cells and cells of others
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17
Q

Receptor Proteins

A
  • shape that is capable of binding a signal molecule
  • binding causes protein to change shape and start cellular response
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18
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A
  • used in metabolic reactions
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19
Q

Junction Proteins

A
  • creates connection btwn cells
  • assist in cell-to-cell adhesion & communication
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20
Q

Eukaryotic Nucleus

A
  • Houses DNA which forms genes located in chromosomes
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21
Q

Eukaryotic Organelles

A

structure inside cell that hold all molecules for cell function

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22
Q

What is contained within the Nucleus?

A
  1. chromatin
  2. chromosomes
  3. nucleolus
  4. nuclear envelope
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23
Q

Chromatin

A
  • network of strands containing chromosomes
  • made up of DNA, protein, RNA
24
Q

How is DNA relayed?

A
  • Dna organized into genes with specific nucleotide to code for polypeptide
  • m(essenger)RNA relays info from nucleus to ribosomes
  • mRNA has sequence of bases that mirror SoB in gene
  • at ribosome mRNA info translated to polypeptide (amino acid) chain
25
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • rRNA joins with other proteins to form subunits
  • subunits sent into cytoplasm to create protein
26
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A
  • separates nucleus from cytoplasm
  • made up of phospholipids
  • has nuclear pores for communication
27
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • sites of protein synthesis
  • uses t(ransfer)RNA to decode info from mRNA into a polypeptide chain
28
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A
  • organelle that attaches some ribosomes
  • ribosome binds and polypeptides created enters the lumen (interior)
29
Q

What is contained within the Endomembrane System?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • membranes of ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • vesicles
30
Q

What does the Endomembrane System do?

A

ensures certain enzyme reactions occur in restricted areas

31
Q

Rough ER

A
  • covered with ribosomes on outside
  • synthesizes polypeptides on outside & modifies them on inside
  • forms transport vesicles to take protein to other regions
32
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • synthesizes lipids
  • no ribosomes
  • also forms transport vesicles
33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • made up of stack of curved flattened saccules
  • recieves transport vesicles from rough & smooth ER
  • molecules are modified as they move btwn saccules
  • sorts molecules and packages for transport
34
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • vesicles produced by Golgi Apparatus
  • digest molecules
35
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • membraneous sacs larger than vesicles
  • store substances like nutrients/ions
  • only in plant cells and fat cells in animals
36
Q

What are the energy conversion organelles in plant cells? animals?

A
  • Plants: Chloroplasts
  • Animals: Mitochondria
37
Q

Chloroplasts and process performed

A
  • found in plants and algae
  • phtosynthesis: uses carbon dioxide, water, sloar energy to produce carbs
  • bounded by double membrane
38
Q

Chloroplast Stroma

A
  • large inner space
  • contains mixture of enzymes + thylakoids
  • contain enzymes to synthesize carbs
39
Q

Chloroplast Thykaloid

What/where do they store?

A
  • disc sacs formed by 3rd membrane
  • granum: stack of thykaloids
  • lumens of thykaloid sacs form thykaloid space
  • Thylakoid membrane: contain pigments that store solar energy
40
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • produces most ATP in cell
41
Q

Mitochondria Cristae

A
  • folded inner membrane
  • increase surface area to absorb energy
42
Q

Mitochondria Matrix

A
  • contains enzymes to break down carbs & other nutrients
  • reactions supply chemical energy that permits ATP synthesis on Cristae
  • also contains DNA & ribosomes
43
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
  • complete breakdown of carbs
  • O2 is needed and gives off carbon dioxide
44
Q

What is contained within the Cytoskeleton?

A
  • network of prtein filaments & tubules
  • extends from nucleus to plasma membrane
  • maintain shape
  • motor proteins allow organelles to move
  • have microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments
45
Q

Microtubules & Centrosome

A
  • small cylinders composed of tubulin dimers
  • Centrosome: controls microtube assembly near nucleus
  • helps to maintain shape of cell
46
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
  • rope assemblies of proteins
  • btwn nuclear envelope & plasma membrane
  • supports nucleus and PM
47
Q

Actin Fiaments

A
  • 2 chains of actin monomers forming long filament
  • supports the cell forming a web under plasma membrane
48
Q

Motor Proteins

A
  • allows cellular movement
  • types:

myosin

kinesin

dynein

49
Q

Centrioles

A
  • short cylinder with microtubule triplets
  • lie at right angles together in middle of centrosome
50
Q

Cilia & Flagella

A
  • hair-like projections that help with movement
  • cilia shorter than flagella
  • membrane bound cylinders with basal body in the cytoplasm
51
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • contains cellulose fibrils that allow the cell to stretch
  • adhesive substances on outside to hold cells together
52
Q

Plasmodesmata (in cell wall)

A
  • membrane lined channels passing through the cell wall
  • allow direct exchange of materials btwn plant cells
53
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A
  • only in animal cell
  • mesh of fibrous proteins & polysaccharides
  • collagen and elastin proteins for resilience
  • polysaccharides for directing cells
54
Q

Adhesion Junction (animal)

A
  • plaques attached to cytoskeleton joined by filaments
  • creates sturdy/flexible sheet of cells
  • used in tissue cells that need to stretch
55
Q

Tight Junction (animal)

A
  • Plasma Membrane proteins attach to each other like zipper
  • seen in cells of tissues that are barriers
56
Q

Gap Junction (animal)

A
  • allow cells to communicate
  • 2 plasma membrane channels join
  • junction opens and closes allowing passage of molecules/ions

Bio 11 (8 decks)

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