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Bio 11 > 3: Organic Molecules > Flashcards

3: Organic Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Isomers

A

molecules with same # and kinds of atoms but different chemical properties

(b/c different arrangements)

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2
Q

Functional Group

A

specific combo of bonded atoms with same chemical propertiesand react in same way

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3
Q

Biological Molecule categories (4)

A
  1. carbs
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
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4
Q

Monomer

A

type of subunits in molecules

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5
Q

Polymer

A

when many monomials join

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

energy source, sugar molecules, sugar glucose (monomer of carb polymer)

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7
Q

monosaccharide

A

single sugar molecule for energy, simple sugars

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8
Q

Glucose

A
  • stored for energy
  • isomers: fructuse & galactose
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9
Q

Ribose

A

energy found in nucleic acid (RNA, DNA)

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10
Q

Disaccharide

A
  • 2 mono saccharide bonded
  • how sugars are usually transported
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11
Q

Polysaccharide

A
  • polymers of monosaccharides
  • short-term energy storage molecules
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12
Q

Starch

A

how plants store glucose

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13
Q

Glycogen

A
  • how animals store glucose
  • highly branched
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14
Q

How do animals store and release glucose?

A

Hormones (insulin) released by the pancreas which promotes storage as glycogen

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15
Q

Cellulose

A

most abundant carb

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16
Q

Lipids

A
  • long-term energy storage
  • i.e. fats & oils
  • insoluble to water
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17
Q

Glycerol

A
  • subunit of fats and oils
  • water soluble
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18
Q

Fatty Acids

A

help form fats and oild when grouped with glycerol

19
Q

Triglycerides

A

when 3 fatty acids are attached to glycerol molecule

20
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

vs

Saturated fatty acids

A

double bonds in carbon chain

no double bond

21
Q

Trans Fat

A
  • contain fatty acids that have been partially hydrogenated (combined with hydrogen)
  • make them more saturated and solid
  • found in processed food
22
Q

Phospholipids

A

contain phosphate functional group

23
Q

Steroids

A
  • lipids that possess carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings
  • no fatty acids
  • insoluble in water
24
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • part of animal cell’s membrane
  • precursor to sex hormones
25
Q

Functions of Proteins (6)

A
  1. Support
  2. Metabolism
  3. Transport
  4. Defense
  5. Regulation
  6. Motion
26
Q

Enzymes

A
  • protein
  • bring reactants together
  • act as catalysts to speed up chem reactions
27
Q

Amino Acids

A
  • monomer of protein polymer
28
Q

Peptide Bond

&

Polypeptide

A
  1. covalent bond btwn 2 amino acids that make up proteins
  2. chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
29
Q

Primary Structure of Protein

A

sequence of amino acids

30
Q

Secondary Structure of Protein

A

wen parts of amino acid chain take on either a spiral (alpha helix) or accordian shape (beta pleated sheet)

31
Q

Tertiary Structure of Protein

A
  • folded twisted secondary structure
  • held together interactions btwn R groups of amino acids
  • includes different interactions (ionic, hyrdogen, covalent)
32
Q

Fibrous Protein

A
  • rod structure
  • sctructural role
  • i.e. Keratin, Collagen
33
Q

Globular Protein

A
  • rounded, irregular 3-D shape
  • i.e. Enzymes
34
Q

What are the nucleic acids in cells

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
35
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA: stores ggenetic info. Contains many genes that specify the sequence of amino acids in protein. Double stranded.

RNA: helps translate DNA into protein. single stranded

36
Q

Nucleotide

& its parts

A
  • monomer of nuceic acid
  • 3 parts
  1. phosphate
  2. 5-carbon sugar
  3. nitrogen base
37
Q

Nucleotide of DNA contains? (4)

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Thymine
38
Q

What molecules create ATP?

A
  • adenosine + 3 phosphates = ATP
39
Q

functional group of an amino acid determines?

A

its behavior

40
Q

Order of amino acid within a polypeptide determines?

A

its shape

41
Q

shape of a protein determines?

A

its function

42
Q

Structure & function of cells determined by?

A

types of proteins they contain

43
Q

DNA instructs?

A

sequence of amino acids in polypeptides

44
Q

Why do proteins of organisms differ?

A

because their genes differ

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