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BPK 142 > 8. Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

8. Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is The circulatory (cardiovascular) system composed of? (3)

A

The circulatory (cardiovascular) system is composed of the:

  • heart,
  • blood vessels, and
  • blood.
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2
Q

What is the Function of the circulatory system?
(7)

A

transport essential materials throughout the body to cells

  • Oxygen
  • fuel molecules
  • Hormones, etc.
  • collects waste generated by the body’s metabolic activity.
  • carbon dioxide
  • Lactate (lactic acid)
  • urea, etc.
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3
Q

What is the Pulmonary circuit?

A

Pulmonary circuit blood vessels going to and from the lungs

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4
Q

What is the Systemic circuit?

A

Systemic circuit blood vessels going to and from the rest of the tissues of the body

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5
Q

What is the Heart?

A

The heart is a four-chamber, muscular pump which propels blood through the blood vessels.

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6
Q

What is the septum?

A

A septum divides the left and right sides of the heart à two pumps

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7
Q

Right vs Left Ventricle

A

The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit

The left ventricle pumps blood through the systemic circuit.

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8
Q

Why is The wall of the left ventricle is thicker

A

the systemic circulation is a much higher pressure system than the pulmonary circulation.

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9
Q

How is the direction of blood flow controlled?

A

The direction of blood flow through the heart is controlled by unidirectional valves.

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10
Q

What is a Heart murmur?

A

Heart murmur -
valve is damaged or does not close properly —>
blood regurgitates, causing a noise.

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11
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The heart muscle (myocardium) is a specialized type of muscle

  • cardiac muscle
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12
Q

Skeletal vs Cardiac Muscle

A

Unlike skeletal muscle, all of the fibers or cells in cardiac muscle are anatomically interconnected
* functional syncytium.
* When one fiber contracts, all fibers contract.
* The fibers of the atria are electrically separated from the fibers of the ventricles.

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13
Q

ANATOMY

A
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14
Q

What is the the Sino Atrial
node (S-A node)?

A

The heart’s inherent contractile rhythm originates in an area of specialized tissue located in the posterior wall of the right atrium
* the Sino Atrial node (S-A node)

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15
Q

What is the Conduction system of the Heart?

A

Pathway of conduction of the wave of depolarization (cardiac impulse) across the heart:

S-A node (pacemaker)
-> Atrial muscle fibers -> contraction of atria
-> Internodal Pathway (only electrical connection atria to ventricle)
-> A-V node -> A-V bundle -> left and right bundle branches
-> Purkinje fibers travel throughout the ventricles
-> simultaneous contraction of the left and right ventricles

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16
Q

make q

A
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17
Q

What is Electrocardiography (ECG)?

A

Electrocardiography (ECG) - record the wave of depolarization as it passes across the heart using electrodes on the surface of the body.

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18
Q

What is Arrhythmia?

A

Arrhythmia - an irregularity in the rhythm of the heartbeat

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19
Q

What is Diagnosing arrhythmias?

A

Diagnosing arrhythmias - look at heart rate, amplitude and shapes of the components of the ECG waveform, and time intervals.

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20
Q

What is Tachycardia?

A

Tachycardia – HR is faster than normal

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21
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

Bradycardia – HR is slower than normal

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22
Q

What is Fibrillation?

A
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23
Q

two major arteries

A
  • The heart muscle is supplied by two major arteries which originate from the aorta just above the aortic valve
  • left coronary artery
  • right coronary artery.
  • The large veins of the heart converge
    and empty into the right atrium.
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24
Q

What does cardiac muscle require?

A

cardiac muscle is highly dependent on aerobic metabolism, it requires a rich blood supply.

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25
Q

What is the normal blood flow to the myocardium at rest?

A

At rest, normal blood flow to the myocardium is about 4 % of the total cardiac output.

26
Q

How is the oxygen extracted from blood in the coronary vessels compared to other tissues?

A

Approximately 70-80% of the oxygen is extracted from blood flowing in the coronary vessels compared to an average of 30% in other tissues.

27
Q

A

A
28
Q

What are Arterioles?

A

Arterioles are small blood vessels that connect arteries to capillaries, regulating blood flow and controlling blood pressure by adjusting the diameter of their walls.

29
Q

Variability in distribution depending on organ needs

A
30
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues.

(All other organs of the circulatory system exist only to serve the capillary beds)

31
Q

FF about capillaries

A

Capillaries in the human body:
- surface area = 6000 sq. meters
- 60,000 miles long
- mass - twice the size of the liver

32
Q

What are Venules?

A

Venules - small vessels which conduct venous blood from capillaries to veins

33
Q

CC

A
34
Q

What are Veins?

A
  • Veins - vessels that convey blood toward the heart.
  • In general, veins are of greater diameter, but thinner-walled than the arteries with which they travel. There are both superficial and deep veins
  • Veins also have smooth muscle in their walls which allow them to change their diameter
35
Q

What is the low pressure part of
the circulatory system?

A

The venules and the veins constitute the low pressure part of the circulatory system.

36
Q

What is Pulse pressure?

A

Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure readings in arteries

37
Q

What are Valves?

A

Valves - found in those veins which carry blood against the force of gravity, especially in the veins of the legs

38
Q

Mechanisms involved in return of blood to the heart:

A

List them

39
Q

Mechanisms involved in return of blood to the heart: PRESSURE

A

Pressure difference between left ventricle and right atrium - 120 mm
Hg - 3 mm Hg = 117 mm Hg driving pressure

40
Q

Mechanisms involved in return of blood to the heart: SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP

A

active muscles squeeze the veins and push the blood toward the heart

41
Q

Mechanisms involved in return of blood to the heart: RESPIRATORY PUMP

A

During inhalation, the diaphragm moves downward, and the thoracic cavity expands. This decreases pressure within the chest, aiding in the flow of blood into the vena cava and right atrium. This effect is enhanced by the pressure changes that occur due to the opening and closing of the thoracic cavity during breathing.

42
Q

What is Blood?

A

Blood is a vital fluid in the body responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products, while also regulating temperature, pH, and immune responses.* red blood cells

  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • suspended in a liquid, plasma which makes up 50 to 60% of blood by volume.
43
Q

Blood Volume

A
  • The blood volume of the average adult with a normal body composition is approximately 8% of body mass.
  • Therefore, a person with a body mass of 70 kg has a blood volume of approximately 5.6 liters.
  • Blood volume is greater for larger, more endurance-trained, and heat acclimatized people.
44
Q

What is Plasma?

A
  • composed of about 90% water and 10% solutes.
  • 50 to 60% of blood by volume.
45
Q

What are Red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are specialized cells in the blood that transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carry carbon dioxide, a waste product, from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation. They contain a protein called hemoglobin that binds to oxygen and gives the cells their characteristic red color.

46
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Hematocrit is a measure of the proportion of a person’s blood that is made up of red blood cells. It is expressed as a percentage and provides information about the blood’s ability to carry oxygen and deliver it to body tissues.

– usually 37-47% in females and 42-52% in males.

47
Q

Where are RBC’s Formed?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes):
- RBC’s are continually being formed in red bone marrow in ends of long bones and in flat bones
- lifespan of RBC = 120 days

48
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes):

  • Hemoglobin’s main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carry carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.
  • Hemoglobin consists of four subunits, each containing one molecule of iron.
  • hemoglobin reversibly binds with oxygen
  • Normal values for hemoglobin:
    – Men – 140-160 grams per 1000 ml blood
    – Women – 120-140 grams per 1000 ml blood
49
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Molecules move from and area of high concentration to low concentration – driven by concentration gradient (difference)
* Movement of molecules across the respiratory membrane are driven by diffusion

50
Q

How to increase Rate of diffusion? (4)

A

Rate of diffusion is increased by

  • Higher concentration gradient (difference)
  • Shorter diffusion distance
  • Higher temperature
  • Greater surface area
51
Q

What are the Two sites of gas exchange in the body?

A
  1. Alveolar-capillary membrane in lung:
    - net diffusion of O2 from alveoli to blood
    - net diffusion of CO2 from blood to alveoli
  2. Tissue-capillary membrane in tissues:
    - net diffusion of O2 from blood to tissue
    - net diffusion of CO2 from tissue to blood
52
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas?

A

The partial pressure of a gas refers to the pressure exerted by that specific gas within a mixture of gases
(1) the total (barometric) pressure, and
(2) the fractional concentration of that gas
* For example at sea level, the total pressure of all dry ambient (atmospheric) air gases equals 760 mm Hg which equals barometric pressure

53
Q

What is The most important factor determining gas exchange?

A

The most important factor determining gas exchange is the partial pressure (concentration) gradients of the gases involved.

54
Q

Sea Level vs Everest

A
55
Q

What is The functional residual capacity?

A

The functional residual capacity serves as a damper so that each incoming breath of air has only a small effect on the composition of the alveolar air
* à partial pressure of gases in the alveoli remains relatively stable.

56
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

The amount of gas that dissolves in a fluid is a function of two factors:

(1) The pressure of the gas above the fluid, which is given by the gas concentration times the barometric pressure

(2) The solubility coefficient of the gas - CO2 is 20.3 times more soluble in water than O2.

57
Q

diffusing capacity can be affected by what factors:

A
  1. The thickness of the respiratory membrane - length of the diffusion path. Diffusing capacity is decreased in restrictive lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis or pneumonia.
  2. The number of red blood cells or their hemoglobin concentration or both
  3. The surface area of the respiratory membrane available for diffusion - diffusing capacity is decreased in emphysema.
58
Q

Diffusing capacity can increase up to three times resting values during heavy aerobic exercise.

A
  1. Increased lung volumes during exercise –> increased surface area for diffusion
  2. Opening up of more capillaries in the lung and greater volume of blood flowing through the lung.
59
Q

Transport of Oxygen

A
  • 98 % of the oxygen in the blood is carried in
    red blood cells in chemical combination with hemoglobin.
  • Hb + O2 = HbO2
  • HbO2 = oxyhemoglobin
  • The other 2% is dissolved in plasma.
60
Q

What Percent saturation of hemoglobin?

A

Percent saturation of hemoglobin with O2 (%SO2) - relates the amount of O2 actually combined with hemoglobin to the maximum O2 capacity of hemoglobin.

  • Arterial blood at rest at sea level (PB = 760 mmHg):
    – Hemoglobin is 97.5% saturated with O2
  • 97.5% X 20.1 = 19.5 ml O2 per 100 ml blood
  • Venous blood at rest at sea level:
    – Hemoglobin is 75% saturated with O2
  • 75% X 20.1 = 15.1 ml O2 per 100 ml blood

BPK 142 (18 decks)

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