1. Osteology & Arthrology Flashcards
What is Osteology?
Osteology –
is the scientific study of bones
What is Arthrology?
Arthrology –
is the science concerned with the anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints
What are the functions of the Skeleton? (5)
- supporting framework for the body
- attachment points for muscles: creating a lever system that enables body movements
- provides protection of vital organs
- Blood cell formation – red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets. Bone is richly supplied with blood vessels.
- Mineral storage – calcium and phosphorus
Structure of Long Bone
What is the Epiphyseal Plate?
- A layer of Cartlidge where the longitudinal growth of a bone occurs
What are osteocytes?
Cells that make up Bone tissue
(Bone tissue is composed of widely separated cells, called osteocytes)
What type of cells are Bone Tissue composed of?
Osteocytes
Osteocytes are surrounded by a Matrix. What is the matrix composed of? (3)
- 25% water
- 25% protein
– mainly Collagen - 50% mineral salts
– calcium carbonate
– calcium phosphate
Bone Remodeling Cycle
Why do bones sometimes become denser?
The bones of physically active individuals tend to be denser and therefore more mineralized than those of sedentary individuals of the same age and gender.
(tennis)
What is Osteoporosis?
- bones become weak and brittle
How many Bones are in the human body?
The human skeleton consists of
206 individual bones.
What are the 5 Classifications of Bones?
- Long bones - longer than they are wide.
- Short bones – wider than they are long
- Flat bones – flat and broad surface
- Irregular bones - Bones that do not fit into any of the other three categories – more complex shapes
- Sesamoid bones– small the bone that forms in tendon – e.g. patella
What type of Bone is This?
Flat Bone
What type of Bone is This?
Irregular Bone
What type of Bone is This?
Long Bone
What type of Bone is This?
Short Bone
What type of Bone is This?
Sesamoid Bones
What is included in the Axial Skeleton?
What is included in the Appendicular Skeleton?
Where is the Parietal Bone?
Where is the Frontal Bone?
Where is the Temporal Bone?
Where is the Occipital Bone?
Where is the Zygomatic Bone?
Where is the Maxilla?
Where is the Mandible?
What are Immovable joints called?
Fibrous Joints
What are Slightly Immovable Joints?
Cartilaginous Joints
What are Freely Moveable Joints called?
Synovial Joints
What are the 2 functions of the Synovial Joints?
- Lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over each other during joint movement to reduce friction
- Supplies nutrients to, and removes waste products from, the cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply
What connects bones together?
Ligaments
What joins muscles to the bone?
Tendons
What is a Bursa?
- A small sac or cavity filled with synovial fluid and located at friction points, especially joints.
- Most bursae are located between tendons and bones.
What is the Frontal Plane?
divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions
What is the Sagittal Plane?
divides the body into
right and left sides
What is the Transverse plane?
divides the body into
superior and inferior portions
Flexion and Extension
Abduction and Adduction
Plantar flexion and Dorsiflexion
Elevation and Depression
Supination and Pronation
Rotation - inward (medial)
rotation; outward (lateral) rotation
What is a Sprain?
an overstretching of the ligament.
1st Degree: fibres are stretched
2nd Degree: partial tear of a ligament
3rd Degree: rupture of the ligament
What is a Dislocation?
bones are displaced
ligaments are sprained and may even be torn in severe cases. Blood vessels are often ruptured and nerves may be compressed. The shoulder and knee joints are most vulnerable to dislocation.
What is a Subluxation?
partial dislocation
What is a Bursitis?
inflamed bursae
result of injury, exercise, or infection.
What is Arthritis?
joint inflammation
caused by trauma, bacterial infection,
metabolic disorders, or unknown causes
What are the Major Building Blocks of Bones? (4)
calcium carbonate,
calcium phosphate,
collagen fibers,
and water.
What is Collagen?
Collagen is a protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue.
Where does the Longitudinal growth of a bone occur?
at the Epiphyseal Plate
Do bones have fixed shapes?
No, The Bone is highly dynamic and is continually being remodelled in response to mechanical stress or even the absence of stress.
How do the bones of physically active individuals differ?
The bones of physically active individuals tend to be denser and therefore more mineralized than those of sedentary individuals of the same age and gender.
What are the Functions of the Vertebral Coloumn?
The vertebral column provides flexible support for the trunk and protects the spinal cord
How many Vertebrae, Distinct Bones and Segments does the Vertebral Column have?
33 vertebrae
26 distinct bones
5 segments
What are the 5 Segments of the Vertebral Column?
- 7 cervical vertebrae
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
- 5 sacral vertebrae
- 4 coccygeal vertebrae
Scapula
Humerus
How do The vertebrae articulate with one another?
The vertebrae articulate with one another by means of facets on the processes of the neural arches (synovial joint) and by means of intervertebral discs between the vertebral bodies (cartilaginous joint).
What is the Function of The intervertebral discs?
The intervertebral discs function as shock absorbers and allow slight movement so that the vertebral column is flexible and resilient.
What is Scoliosis?
Scoliosis - an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column.
What is Kyphosis?
Kyphosis - “hump back” - an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve.
What is Lordosis?
Lordosis - “sway back” - an exaggerated anterior lumbar curve.
What are some Structural Limits to Flexibility?
- Bony structure of the joint - can’t be changed by a flexibility program
- Ligaments
- Joint capsules
- Muscle-tendon unit - muscle and its fascial sheaths - the major focus of stretching exercises is the elongation of these tissues.
