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Yr 3.1_Bio Basis of MH > 8 Anxiety > Flashcards

8 Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

Fear is___?

A

An emotional response to real or perceived threat

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2
Q

What are the 4 ways in which fear can manifest?

A

Physiological, psychological, cognitive, behavioural

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3
Q

Anxiety is___?

A

The anticipation of a future threat

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4
Q

What two main components is anxiety made up of?

A

Fear and worry

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5
Q

What are three types of anxiety disorders?

A

Separation anxiety, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety disorder

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6
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of anxiety?

A

28.8%

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7
Q

What is the male to female ratio of anxiety disorder?

A

1:2

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8
Q

What are the three elements int he cycle of panic disorder?

A

Change in bodily sensations, catastrophic misinterpretation, fear and anxiety

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9
Q

What are three risk factors for anxiety disorder?

A

Gene*Environment interactions / neuroticism / childhood experiences / smoking / sexual dimorphism

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10
Q

What neurotransmitter is mainly involved in anxiety?

A

COMT

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11
Q

What are the two different alleles for COMT?

A

Met and Val

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12
Q

What does the Met allele have more of and less of?

A

Low COMT activity, more dopamine = worrier

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13
Q

What does the Val allele have more of and less of?

A

High COMT activity, less dopamine = warrior

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14
Q

What are the differences in sexes, in terms of COMT?

A

Women are more likely to carry the Met allele

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15
Q

What two main area’s of the brain show atypical activity in anxiety disorder?

A

Frontal cortex and the amygdala

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16
Q

What is different about the hippocampus in anxiety patients and control patients?

A

Reduced hippocampus volume in patients with anxiety

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17
Q

How important is the BDNF genotype in anxiety?

A

It is not important

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18
Q

What circuits are linked to fear?

A

Amygdala centred circuits

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19
Q

What circuits are linked to worry?

A

Cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits

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20
Q

What are the 6 stages in the fear mechanisms?

A

See fearful stimulus - stimulates amygdala - talks to limbic system - fearful response - activates hippocampus - remembering fearful context

21
Q

What 3 area’s of the brain are involved in worrying?

A

DLPFC, striatum and thalamus

22
Q

What are the 4 types of fear responses?

A

Endocrine, autonomic, motor and respiratory

23
Q

What area of the brain does endocrine fear influence?

A

HPA axis

24
Q

What area of the brain does autonomic fear influence?

A

Locus Coeruleus

25
Q

What area of the brain does motor fear influence?

A

Pariaqueductal

26
Q

What area of the brain does respiratory fear influence?

A

Parabrachial

27
Q

When anxious, what part of the HPA axis increases in activity?

A

Amygdala

28
Q

When anxious, what part of the HPA axis decreases in activity?

A

Hipocampus and PFC

29
Q

Give two examples of animal studies which are used in anxiety?

A

Elevated plus maze and open field test

30
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?

A

Inhibitory

31
Q

What are the three main types of GABA?

A

GABAa, GABAb, GABAc

32
Q

Which receptor do anti anxiety drugs bind to?

A

GABAa

33
Q

Which GABAa subunit is linked to anti anxiety when Benzodiazepine is blinded to it?

A

A2

34
Q

What type of agonist are Benzodiazepines?

A

Allosteric agonists

35
Q

How does an allosteric agonist work?

A

The opening of the channel to let Cl in is enhanced, when the drug binds to the receptor

36
Q

Why re older drugs, such as barbiturates, dangerous?

A

They don’t need to bind to open the channel / can open it on its own

37
Q

An increase in GABA leads to?

A

More inhibition

38
Q

How do GABAergic drugs work?

A

Inhibit the amygdala to tackle the fear response

39
Q

What do inhibitory effects of GABA lead to?

A

Disinhibition

40
Q

In anxiety, is the noradrenergic system hypo or hyper active?

A

Hyperactive

41
Q

What are three clinical features of PTSD?

A

Re-experiencing, avoidance, arousal

42
Q

What are the 6 stages of Horowitz’s theory?

A

Traumatic event - crying or stunned - information overload - intrusion and avoidance - successful ro incomplete resolution

43
Q

What can be a protective factor in PTSD?

A

Social support

44
Q

What does the emotional Stroop task test for?

A

Cognitive biases

45
Q

What do neuroimaging studies show in patients with PTSD?

A

Decreased amygdala and hippocampus volume

46
Q

What are the different responses from brain structures in patients with PTSD?

A

Increased amygdala response / decreased hippocampus response

47
Q

What area of the brain is hypersensitive in PTSD?

A

HPA axis

48
Q

How does extinction work as a form of treatment in PTSD?

A

Reverse condiitoning / new learning takes place

49
Q

What can Beta Blockers do in PTSD?

A

Disrupts reconsolidation

Yr 3.1_Bio Basis of MH (8 decks)

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