6 Depression

Question 1

According to the DSM5, what is a potential symptom that could occur in MD?

Answer 1

Depressed mood or anhedonia

Question 2

According to the DSM5, what are three symptoms which could occur in MD?

Answer 2

Weight changes, fatigue, sleep changes, guilt, worthlessness, psychomotor dysfunction, suicidal ideation, psychomotor agitation

Question 3

What % heritability is MD?

Answer 3

37%

Question 4

What % heritability is MD in MZ and DZ twins?

Answer 4

69% and 13%

Question 5

What is the % lifetime prevalence of MD?

Answer 5

6.7%

Question 6

What are the two main genetics factors which could contribute to developing MD?

Answer 6

Allele lengths and the 5HT transporter

Question 7

What role does allele length play is MD? What is the best to worst combination?

Answer 7

Alleles moderate the gene environment interaction

2 long > 1 long and 1 short > 2 short

Question 8

What does the 5HT transporter do?

Answer 8

Moderates the effect of stressful life experiences

Question 9

What does the monamine hypothesis suggest for MD?

Answer 9

Low monoamine levels = MD

Question 10

List three types of monoamines?

Answer 10

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinerphrine

Question 11

What does a monoamine agonist do?

Answer 11

Increase levels of monoamine to reverse depressive symptoms

Question 12

Give an example of a monoamine agonist?

Answer 12

Ecstacy

Question 13

Give an example of a monoamine antagonist?

Answer 13

Resperine

Question 14

According o the monoamine hypothesis, what do antidepressants do?

Answer 14

Increase reuptake of monoamine

Question 15

What are 2 limitations of the monoamine hypothesis?

Answer 15

Time course disparity / controls are not effected by decreased serotonin - other brain area’s must be involved

Question 16

What does the stress diathesis hypothesis suggest in MD?

Answer 16

Depressed people are in a chronic state of stress and alertness / overactive HPA axis / negative feedback

Question 17

What happens if there is constant cortisol, due to the neurogenic hypothesis?

Answer 17

Increases Ca2+ –> excitotoxic –> cell death

Question 18

In the neurogenic hypothesis, what happens if cells die?

Answer 18

Fewer cells are available to stop stress messages / loss of feedback

Question 19

Increased stress = ?

Answer 19

Increased cortisol and decreased BDNF

Question 20

Increased cortisol and decreased BDNF = ?

Answer 20

Atrophy and cell death

Question 21

According to the stress diathesis hypothesis, how do antidepressants work?

Answer 21

Increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus

Question 22

What two things does neuroimaging show in MD patients?

Answer 22

Increased activation of the sACC and decreased hippocampal volume

Question 23

What is shown in neuroimaging, if treatment is delayed in MD?

Answer 23

More neurons die

Question 24

What are the four types of treatment for MD?

Answer 24

Pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, stimulation methods, ketamine

Question 25

What are 2 benefits of ketamine in treating MD?

Answer 25

Rapid / long term / effective

Question 26

What are 2 limitations of ketamine in treating MD?

Answer 26

Expensive / side effects such as neurotoxicity

Question 27

What are three new insights into MD?

Answer 27

Gut microbiota / sleep disturbances / dysregulated HPA axis