6 Depression Flashcards
According to the DSM5, what is a potential symptom that could occur in MD?
Depressed mood or anhedonia
According to the DSM5, what are three symptoms which could occur in MD?
Weight changes, fatigue, sleep changes, guilt, worthlessness, psychomotor dysfunction, suicidal ideation, psychomotor agitation
What % heritability is MD?
37%
What % heritability is MD in MZ and DZ twins?
69% and 13%
What is the % lifetime prevalence of MD?
6.7%
What are the two main genetics factors which could contribute to developing MD?
Allele lengths and the 5HT transporter
What role does allele length play is MD? What is the best to worst combination?
Alleles moderate the gene environment interaction
2 long > 1 long and 1 short > 2 short
What does the 5HT transporter do?
Moderates the effect of stressful life experiences
What does the monamine hypothesis suggest for MD?
Low monoamine levels = MD
List three types of monoamines?
Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinerphrine
What does a monoamine agonist do?
Increase levels of monoamine to reverse depressive symptoms
Give an example of a monoamine agonist?
Ecstacy
Give an example of a monoamine antagonist?
Resperine
According o the monoamine hypothesis, what do antidepressants do?
Increase reuptake of monoamine
What are 2 limitations of the monoamine hypothesis?
Time course disparity / controls are not effected by decreased serotonin - other brain area’s must be involved
What does the stress diathesis hypothesis suggest in MD?
Depressed people are in a chronic state of stress and alertness / overactive HPA axis / negative feedback
What happens if there is constant cortisol, due to the neurogenic hypothesis?
Increases Ca2+ –> excitotoxic –> cell death
In the neurogenic hypothesis, what happens if cells die?
Fewer cells are available to stop stress messages / loss of feedback
Increased stress = ?
Increased cortisol and decreased BDNF
Increased cortisol and decreased BDNF = ?
Atrophy and cell death
According to the stress diathesis hypothesis, how do antidepressants work?
Increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus
What two things does neuroimaging show in MD patients?
Increased activation of the sACC and decreased hippocampal volume
What is shown in neuroimaging, if treatment is delayed in MD?
More neurons die
What are the four types of treatment for MD?
Pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, stimulation methods, ketamine
What are 2 benefits of ketamine in treating MD?
Rapid / long term / effective
What are 2 limitations of ketamine in treating MD?
Expensive / side effects such as neurotoxicity
What are three new insights into MD?
Gut microbiota / sleep disturbances / dysregulated HPA axis
