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Yr 3.1_Bio Basis of MH > 2 Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

2 Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

How heavy is the brain at birth and during adulthood?

A

350g –> 1300g

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2
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

A

Germinal, embryonic and fetal

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3
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The union of the egg and sperm

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4
Q

When the zygote divides, what does it form?

A

A morula

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5
Q

When the morula divides, what does it form?

A

A blastocyst

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6
Q

What re the three layers of the embryonic disc?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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7
Q

Which layer of the embryonic disc forms the neural tube and NS?

A

Ectoderm

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8
Q

What are the 6 stages of brain development?

A

Proliferation, cell migration, cell differentiation and maturation, synaptogeneis and synaptic pruning, cell death, myelination

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9
Q

What 3 main things happen at proliferation?

A

Stem cells divide to form progenitor cells / progenitor cells become a neuroblast or glioblast / they migrate out of the ventricular zone

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10
Q

What happens during cell migration?

A

The neurons and glia move to their final destination via chemical signals and physical support from radial glia extensions

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11
Q

What happens during cell differentiation and maturation?

A

Neurons express particular genes to become a particular cell / grow axons and dendrites

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12
Q

What are the two forms of dendritic development?

A

Arborisation (branching) and spines (where they synapse)

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13
Q

During cell differentiation and maturation, how does timing influence their characteristics?

A

If implanted early they acquire the characteristics of that region / mature neurons can not acquire characteristics

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14
Q

What happens during synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning?

A

Growth cone develops extensions / active synapses are strengthened and unused synapses are pruned

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15
Q

What does synaptogeneis and synaptic pruning demonstrate that the brain has?

A

Plasticity

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16
Q

What happens during cell death?

A

Axons which do not form active synapses are eliminated / apoptosis is a programmed cell death - as opposed to necrotic cell death / apoptosis is avoided by survival signals

17
Q

What survival signals can cells use to avoid apoptosis?

A

Neurotrophins (growth factors) or active communication

18
Q

What happens during myelination?

A

The transmission of neural impulses speeds up

19
Q

Myelination in the PNS uses?

A

Schwann cells

20
Q

Myelination in the CNS uses?

A

Oligodendroglia

21
Q

Why is the developing brain vulnerable?

A

Because a mutation on a gene can lead to long-lasting effects - especially if it occurs during a critical period

22
Q

What is an example of a study into critical periods?

A

Blakemore - cats in a tube

23
Q

What did the study into Genie find?

A

Her window of opportunity closed / she was able to learn lots of words but couldn’t do much with them

24
Q

What did Hebbs experiment into rats in a lab vs at home find?

A

Rats in a complex home environment had increased dendritic branching = improved ability to learn

25
Q

What is the difference between expectant and dependent experience?

A

Expectant is common to everyone / dependent is unique to the individual

26
Q

“Early life environmental influences, determine health status” - what is this an example of?

A

Epigenetics

27
Q

What are 3 environmental risk factors during prenatal development?

A

Mothers immune system / prenatal malnutrition / substance abuse / delivery complications

28
Q

Why is maternal immune activation a risk factor during prenatal development?

A

If the mothers immune system is working to help her, it was taken away from the baby

29
Q

What is the name of the brains immune system?

A

Microglia

30
Q

What was originally believed of microglia?

A

They were either ramified or activated

31
Q

What do we now know about microglia?

A

Even when they are in a ramified state, they are still working hard

32
Q

What are three things that microglia do?

A

Contact neurons / eliminate apoptopic debris / modulate synaptic transmission / shape brain circuits / influence migration

Yr 3.1_Bio Basis of MH (8 decks)

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