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Biology > 8- Animal Exchange And Transport > Flashcards

8- Animal Exchange And Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • membrane surface area
  • temperature
  • concentration gradient
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2
Q

How does membrane surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Larger surface area of membrane substance is diffusing across
- faster the rate of diffusion

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3
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher temp= faster the rate

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4
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Bigger the difference in concentration between 2 areas = greater the concentration gradient = faster rate of diffusion

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5
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for absorption of water and nutrients?

A

The large surface area of root hair cells increases the rate of diffusion.
This allows more water and nutrients to enter the plant.

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6
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

Rate of diffusion = (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane

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7
Q

What are exchange surfaces?

A

surfaces that are adapted to maximise the efficiency of gas and solute (a substance dissolved in a liquid) exchange across them.

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8
Q

What adaptions do exchange surfaces have?

A
  • large surface area
  • blood supply
  • ventilation
  • thin membrane
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9
Q

What are exchange surfaces?

A

Surfaces adapted to maximise the efficiency of gas and solute exchange across them

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10
Q

What is an example of exchange surfaces?

A 
Alveoli 
Small intestine 
Gills
Roots 
Leaves
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11
Q

What adaptions do exchange surfaces have?

A
  • thin membrane
  • large surface area
  • ventilation
  • blood supply
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12
Q

Why do exchange surfaces need a thin membrane?

A

Reduces diffusion distance

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13
Q

How thick are alveoli?

A

1 cell thick

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14
Q

Why do exchange surfaces mood a large surface area?

A

More substance can diffuse at the same time

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15
Q

Why do exchange surfaces need ventilation?

A

Maintain high concentration gradient and increases rate of exchange

(In animals this is don through breathing)

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16
Q

Why do exchange surfaces need a blood supply?

A

(In animals)

  • substances exchanged through blood
  • densely packed blood vessels
  • maintain high concentration gradient by replenishing blood supply
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17
Q

What is the small intestine adapted for?

A

Exchanging nutrients between digested food in small intestine and the blood

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18
Q

What are alveoli adapted for?

A

Exchanging CO2 and oxygen between blood and air

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19
Q

What are gills adapted for?

A

Exchanging oxygen that is dissolved in water and CO2 in fish’s bloodstream

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20
Q

What are roots adapted for?

A

taking up both water and minerals from the soil around them.

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21
Q

What are leaves adapted for?

A

exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen between the leaves and the surrounding air.

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22
Q

Why cant multicellular organisms just rely on diffusion?

A

Their cells are too far away from the external environment

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23
Q

What is a multicellular organism’s transport system so that they don’t have to rely on diffusion?

A

Specialised surfaces to exchange molecules

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24
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue

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25
What is a tissue?
groups of similar cells that act together to perform a similar function
26
What is in the blood plasma?
Platelets Red blood cells White blood cells
27
What is blood plasma?
The fluid bit of blood
28
What are the two types of white blood cell?
Phagocytes | Lymphocytes
29
What is an adaption of platelets?
No nucleus | Fragments of cells
30
What do platelets do?
Clot the blood when wounded
31
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
32
Where are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets?
Suspended in blood plasma
33
What do red blood cells do?
transport oxygen from the lungs to all body cells
34
What features of a red blood cell make them adapted for their function?
Haemoglobin Bison cave shape Small size No nucleus
35
Why does a red blood cell have haemoglobin?
Binds with oxygen in the lungs | - oxygen can be carried
36
Why do red blood cells have a bacon cave shape?
(Dents on each side) Creates large surface area - rapid diffusion of oxygen
37
Why are red blood cels small?
Pass through tiny capillaries
38
Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?
Room for haemoglobin | - maximises amount of oxygen they can carry
39
What is the shape of a red blood cell?
Biconcave | Two dents either side
40
How much haemoglobin do whales have?
2x as much as humans
41
Why do whales have so much haemoglobin?
Need to store lots of oxygen for when they dive under water
42
What do white blood cells do?
Defend against infection
43
What are the features of white blood cells?
Have a nucleus | Can change shape
44
What can white blood cells change shape?
squeeze through the walls of blood vessels into body tissues and to engulf harmful microorganisms.
45
What are the three different types of blood vessels?
Capillaries Veins Arteries
46
Where do arteries transport blood?
Away from heart to organs
47
What type of blood do all arteries carry?
Oxygenated
48
What artery is the exception to carrying oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
49
How are arteries structure adapted for their function?
Thick muscle walls | Elastic fires
50
Why do arteries need thick muscle walls?
Strong | Cope with high pressure of blood
51
Why do arteries need elastic fibres?
Stretch and spring back | - vasodilation and vasoconstriction
52
When do veins form?
when capillaries join up after passing through the body
53
What do veins transport?
Deoxygenated blood
54
Where do veins transport blood?
Back to the heart
55
What vein is the only one that carries oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary
56
How are veins different to arteries?
Thinner walls Wider cross sections Valves
57
Why do veins have thinner walls than arteries?
Blood is at a lower pressure
58
Why do veins have a wider cross section than arteries?
Wider tube = more low pressure liquid can flow through
59
Why do veins have valves?
Prevent back flow of blood
60
How thick are the walls of capillaries?
1 cell
61
Why do capillaries pass close to the bodies cells?
Efficient exchange of: - food and oxygen - waste products
62
How if food and oxygen exchanged?
Out of blood and into cells | Capillaries
63
How are waste products exchanged in capillaries?
Waste products (e.g CO2) move from cells into blood
64
Where do capillaries branch out from?
Arteries
65
What controls the pumping of the heart?
A group of cells in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker
66
In what order does the blood flow through the heart?
- Blood enters via the atria - Atria contract - Blood forced down into ventricles - Ventricles contract - Blood exits
67
Why are valves used in the heart?
Prevent blood flowing backwards
68
What is the heart?
An organ
69
Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right?
It has to force blood out at a higher pressure | - blood has to travel around the whole body
70
What are the names of the 4 chambers in the human heart?
Left ventricle Right ventricle Left atrium Right atrium
71
What are the most important blood vessels?
- vena cava - pulmonary vein - aorta - pulmonary artery - coronary arteries
72
What does the vena cava transport?
Deoxygenated blood | Body to the heart
73
What does the pulmonary vein transport?
Oxygenated blood | Lungs to the heart
74
What does the aorta transport?
Oxygenated blood | Heart to the body
75
What does the pulmonary artery transport?
Deoxygenated blood | Heart to lungs
76
What do the coronary arteries do?
Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
77
What is cardiac output?
volume of blood pumped each minute by each ventricle
78
How do you measure cardiac output?
Heart rate x stroke volume
79
What is a normal human heart rate?
75 beats per minute
80
What is stroke volume?
volume of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heartbeat
81
What are the three key components of the human circulatory system?
- blood vessels - blood - heart
82
Why is the human circulatory system called a ‘ double circulatory system’ ?
blood passes through the heart twice per circuit
83
What are the steps of the circulatory system?
- deoxygenated blood enters the heart - deoxygenated blood pumped to lungs - lungs oxygenate blood - blood returns to heart (left atrium) - blood pumped to body - blood returns to heart
84
What is the pathway of oxygen into the blood?
- air breathed in trachea - 2 bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - gas exchange
85
How are alveoli adapted for their function?
``` Large moist surface area Surrounded by capillaries - rich oxygen supply - small gas’s exchange distance Thin walls ```
86
What process does the body use oxygen for?
Respiration
87
What do organisms need energy for?
Construction Contraction Homeostasis Cellular respiration
88
What is construction? | Example?
Make larger molecules from smaller molecules E.g glucose is joined together to make starch Proteins are made from amino acids
89
Why is energy needed in contraction?
To contract the muscles of animals, allowing them to move.
90
Why is energy needed in homeostasis?
To keep the body temperature of warm-blooded animals (mammals and birds) relatively constant.
91
What type of reaction respiration?
Exothermic (releases energy)
92
What supplies all the energy needed by living organisms?
Respiration
93
What is anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
94
What is the reaction “Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide” called in yeast?
Fermentation
95
What is the fermentation of yeast used for?
Makes bread and alcohol
96
What happens in aerobic respiration?
glucose reacts with oxygen in the mitochondria of cells Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
97
What is the symbol equation for the aerobic release of energy?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 (+ energy)
98
When does anaerobic respiration happen?
insufficient (not enough) oxygen reaches the muscles during periods of intense activity.
99
In anaerobic respiration in animals what is glucose converted into?
Lactic acid
100
Why is anaerobic respiration a less efficient way of transferring energy than aerobic respiration?
Glucose is not broken down completely
101
What are the different products produced in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic : CO2 and water | Anaerobic: CO2 and ethanol (plants and yeast) or lactic acid( animals)
102
What is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate | unit of energy
103
In relation to aerobic respiration, how much ATP does anaerobic respiration produce?
Much less
104
What is the difference in break down in glucose between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic: fully breaks down glucose Anaerobic: partially breaks down glucose
105
Where does respiration happen?
Every cell of the living body
106
What is a by-product of anaerobic respiration that is toxic and can lead to muscular pain and fatigue?
Lactic acid
107
What is the name given to the sum of all the chemical reactions that happen in an organism?
Metabolism
108
In which organelle does aerobic respiration occur?
Mitochondria
109
Which type of respiration produces more ATP?
Aerobic

Biology (9 decks)

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