Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 8- Animal Exchange And Transport > Flashcards

8- Animal Exchange And Transport Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • membrane surface area
  • temperature
  • concentration gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does membrane surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Larger surface area of membrane substance is diffusing across
- faster the rate of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher temp= faster the rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Bigger the difference in concentration between 2 areas = greater the concentration gradient = faster rate of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for absorption of water and nutrients?

A

The large surface area of root hair cells increases the rate of diffusion.
This allows more water and nutrients to enter the plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

Rate of diffusion = (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are exchange surfaces?

A

surfaces that are adapted to maximise the efficiency of gas and solute (a substance dissolved in a liquid) exchange across them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What adaptions do exchange surfaces have?

A
  • large surface area
  • blood supply
  • ventilation
  • thin membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are exchange surfaces?

A

Surfaces adapted to maximise the efficiency of gas and solute exchange across them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of exchange surfaces?

A 
Alveoli 
Small intestine 
Gills
Roots 
Leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What adaptions do exchange surfaces have?

A
  • thin membrane
  • large surface area
  • ventilation
  • blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do exchange surfaces need a thin membrane?

A

Reduces diffusion distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How thick are alveoli?

A

1 cell thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do exchange surfaces mood a large surface area?

A

More substance can diffuse at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do exchange surfaces need ventilation?

A

Maintain high concentration gradient and increases rate of exchange

(In animals this is don through breathing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do exchange surfaces need a blood supply?

A

(In animals)

  • substances exchanged through blood
  • densely packed blood vessels
  • maintain high concentration gradient by replenishing blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the small intestine adapted for?

A

Exchanging nutrients between digested food in small intestine and the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are alveoli adapted for?

A

Exchanging CO2 and oxygen between blood and air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are gills adapted for?

A

Exchanging oxygen that is dissolved in water and CO2 in fish’s bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are roots adapted for?

A

taking up both water and minerals from the soil around them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are leaves adapted for?

A

exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen between the leaves and the surrounding air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why cant multicellular organisms just rely on diffusion?

A

Their cells are too far away from the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a multicellular organism’s transport system so that they don’t have to rely on diffusion?

A

Specialised surfaces to exchange molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a tissue?

A

groups of similar cells that act together to perform a similar function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is in the blood plasma?

A

Platelets
Red blood cells
White blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

The fluid bit of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell?

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an adaption of platelets?

A

No nucleus

Fragments of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Clot the blood when wounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets?

A

Suspended in blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

transport oxygen from the lungs to all body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What features of a red blood cell make them adapted for their function?

A

Haemoglobin
Bison cave shape
Small size
No nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why does a red blood cell have haemoglobin?

A

Binds with oxygen in the lungs

- oxygen can be carried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why do red blood cells have a bacon cave shape?

A

(Dents on each side)
Creates large surface area
- rapid diffusion of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why are red blood cels small?

A

Pass through tiny capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?

A

Room for haemoglobin

- maximises amount of oxygen they can carry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

A

Biconcave

Two dents either side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How much haemoglobin do whales have?

A

2x as much as humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why do whales have so much haemoglobin?

A

Need to store lots of oxygen for when they dive under water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Defend against infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the features of white blood cells?

A

Have a nucleus

Can change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What can white blood cells change shape?

A

squeeze through the walls of blood vessels into body tissues and to engulf harmful microorganisms.

45
Q

What are the three different types of blood vessels?

A

Capillaries
Veins
Arteries

46
Q

Where do arteries transport blood?

A

Away from heart to organs

47
Q

What type of blood do all arteries carry?

A

Oxygenated

48
Q

What artery is the exception to carrying oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

49
Q

How are arteries structure adapted for their function?

A

Thick muscle walls

Elastic fires

50
Q

Why do arteries need thick muscle walls?

A

Strong

Cope with high pressure of blood

51
Q

Why do arteries need elastic fibres?

A

Stretch and spring back

- vasodilation and vasoconstriction

52
Q

When do veins form?

A

when capillaries join up after passing through the body

53
Q

What do veins transport?

A

Deoxygenated blood

54
Q

Where do veins transport blood?

A

Back to the heart

55
Q

What vein is the only one that carries oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary

56
Q

How are veins different to arteries?

A

Thinner walls
Wider cross sections
Valves

57
Q

Why do veins have thinner walls than arteries?

A

Blood is at a lower pressure

58
Q

Why do veins have a wider cross section than arteries?

A

Wider tube = more low pressure liquid can flow through

59
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

Prevent back flow of blood

60
Q

How thick are the walls of capillaries?

A

1 cell

61
Q

Why do capillaries pass close to the bodies cells?

A

Efficient exchange of:

  • food and oxygen
  • waste products
62
Q

How if food and oxygen exchanged?

A

Out of blood and into cells

Capillaries

63
Q

How are waste products exchanged in capillaries?

A

Waste products (e.g CO2) move from cells into blood

64
Q

Where do capillaries branch out from?

A

Arteries

65
Q

What controls the pumping of the heart?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker

66
Q

In what order does the blood flow through the heart?

A
  • Blood enters via the atria
  • Atria contract
  • Blood forced down into ventricles
  • Ventricles contract
  • Blood exits
67
Q

Why are valves used in the heart?

A

Prevent blood flowing backwards

68
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ

69
Q

Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right?

A

It has to force blood out at a higher pressure

- blood has to travel around the whole body

70
Q

What are the names of the 4 chambers in the human heart?

A

Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Right atrium

71
Q

What are the most important blood vessels?

A
  • vena cava
  • pulmonary vein
  • aorta
  • pulmonary artery
  • coronary arteries
72
Q

What does the vena cava transport?

A

Deoxygenated blood

Body to the heart

73
Q

What does the pulmonary vein transport?

A

Oxygenated blood

Lungs to the heart

74
Q

What does the aorta transport?

A

Oxygenated blood

Heart to the body

75
Q

What does the pulmonary artery transport?

A

Deoxygenated blood

Heart to lungs

76
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

77
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

volume of blood pumped each minute by each ventricle

78
Q

How do you measure cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

79
Q

What is a normal human heart rate?

A

75 beats per minute

80
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heartbeat

81
Q

What are the three key components of the human circulatory system?

A
  • blood vessels
  • blood
  • heart
82
Q

Why is the human circulatory system called a ‘ double circulatory system’ ?

A

blood passes through the heart twice per circuit

83
Q

What are the steps of the circulatory system?

A
  • deoxygenated blood enters the heart
  • deoxygenated blood pumped to lungs
  • lungs oxygenate blood
  • blood returns to heart (left atrium)
  • blood pumped to body
  • blood returns to heart
84
Q

What is the pathway of oxygen into the blood?

A
  • air breathed in trachea
  • 2 bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • gas exchange
85
Q

How are alveoli adapted for their function?

A 
Large moist surface area 
Surrounded by capillaries 
- rich oxygen supply 
- small gas’s exchange distance 
Thin walls
86
Q

What process does the body use oxygen for?

A

Respiration

87
Q

What do organisms need energy for?

A

Construction
Contraction
Homeostasis
Cellular respiration

88
Q

What is construction?

Example?

A

Make larger molecules from smaller molecules

E.g glucose is joined together to make starch
Proteins are made from amino acids

89
Q

Why is energy needed in contraction?

A

To contract the muscles of animals, allowing them to move.

90
Q

Why is energy needed in homeostasis?

A

To keep the body temperature of warm-blooded animals (mammals and birds) relatively constant.

91
Q

What type of reaction respiration?

A

Exothermic (releases energy)

92
Q

What supplies all the energy needed by living organisms?

A

Respiration

93
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?

A

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide

94
Q

What is the reaction “Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide” called in yeast?

A

Fermentation

95
Q

What is the fermentation of yeast used for?

A

Makes bread and alcohol

96
Q

What happens in aerobic respiration?

A

glucose reacts with oxygen in the mitochondria of cells

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

97
Q

What is the symbol equation for the aerobic release of energy?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 (+ energy)

98
Q

When does anaerobic respiration happen?

A

insufficient (not enough) oxygen reaches the muscles during periods of intense activity.

99
Q

In anaerobic respiration in animals what is glucose converted into?

A

Lactic acid

100
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration a less efficient way of transferring energy than aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose is not broken down completely

101
Q

What are the different products produced in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic : CO2 and water

Anaerobic: CO2 and ethanol (plants and yeast) or lactic acid( animals)

102
Q

What is ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

unit of energy

103
Q

In relation to aerobic respiration, how much ATP does anaerobic respiration produce?

A

Much less

104
Q

What is the difference in break down in glucose between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic: fully breaks down glucose
Anaerobic: partially breaks down glucose

105
Q

Where does respiration happen?

A

Every cell of the living body

106
Q

What is a by-product of anaerobic respiration that is toxic and can lead to muscular pain and fatigue?

A

Lactic acid

107
Q

What is the name given to the sum of all the chemical reactions that happen in an organism?

A

Metabolism

108
Q

In which organelle does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

109
Q

Which type of respiration produces more ATP?

A

Aerobic

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions