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Biology > 5 Health And Disease > Flashcards

5 Health And Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health?

A

A state of physical, mental and social wellbeing.

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2
Q

What two categories can diseases divide into?

A
  • Communicable
    Can be spread between organisms
  • non communicable
    Cannot be spread between organisms
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3
Q

What is the major contributor to ill health?

A

Disease

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4
Q

What are other contributors to ill health?

A

Life situations
Diet
Stress

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5
Q

Can diseases interact with each other?

A

Yes

E.g HIV virus suppresses immune system - prone to other diseases

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6
Q

What can viruses occupying cells stimulate?

A

Cancer

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7
Q

What are the 4 main types of pathogen?

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists

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8
Q

Whalen are infections caused?

A

A foreign pathogen invades an organism

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9
Q

What are the ways of infectious diseases spreading

Examples:

A
  • Air e.g. TB
  • Body fluids e.g. Ebola and HIV
  • Vector (animal) e.g. malaria
  • orally e.g helicopter bacteria
  • sex e.g STIs
  • water e.g. cholera
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10
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • Tiny, non- living (do not contain cells) particles

- can reproduce rapidly within the body

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11
Q

What do viruses do?

A
  • invade host cells
  • inserts its own DNA into hosts DNA which is then replicated by the host cell
  • cases cells to burst
  • releases new viruses
  • cell damage makes us feel ill
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12
Q

What is bacteria?

A

small living cells

  • can damage cells directly
  • can release toxins (poisons) that damage cells and tissues making us feel ill
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13
Q

What conditions are needed for bacteria to reproduce rapidly?

A

Warm
Moist
Good oxygen supply

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14
Q

What are fungi?

A

Single celled organisums
Body made up of hyphae (thread like structures)
- able to grow & penetrate tissues ( e.g. human skin or surface of plants)
- produce spores ( reproductive unit) that can spread to plants and animals

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15
Q

What are protists?

A
  • single celled
  • eukaryotic
  • often parasites
  • often transferee to host by vector (e.g insect)
  • make us feel ill by damaging our tissues
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16
Q

What are three examples of viruses?

A

HIV
Measles
Ebola

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17
Q

What is HIV?

A
  • sexual contact/ exchange of body fluids
  • Firstly flu- like
  • Enters lymph nodes & attacks immune cells
  • Causes AIDS
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18
Q

What are measles?

A
  • fever & red skin rash
  • can be fatal if complications arise
  • most vaccinated against measles
  • Spread by breathing in droplets
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19
Q

What is Ebola?

A
  • causes hemorrhagic ( affects blood vessels) fever

- spreads through body fluid

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20
Q

What type of drugs are used to treat HIV?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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21
Q

What are the two virus pathways?

A

Lytic

Lysogenic

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22
Q

What is the lytic pathway?

A
  • virus infects host cell
  • replicates
  • cell splits open (cell lysis)
  • releases more virus pathogens
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23
Q

What is the lysogenic pathway?

A
  • virus infects host cell
  • viral genes stay dormant
  • mitosis
  • copies carry the virus genetic material
24
Q

What are examples of bacterial infections?

A

Tuberculosis
Stomach ulcers
Cholera

25
Q

WhT IS TB?

A
  • Spreads in water droplets

- Causes serious damage to lungs

26
Q

What are stomach ulcers?

A
  • helicobacter
  • sores in lining of stomach
  • eventually lead to cancers
  • spread through eating/ drinking something contaminated
27
Q

What is cholera?

A
  • bacteria present in contaminated water
  • releases toxins
  • cause severe diarrhoea
  • results in dehydration
28
Q

What is an examp;e of a fungal disease?

A

Chalara ash dieback disease

29
Q

What is Chalara ash dieback disease?

A
  • fungal disease
  • spore of fungus spread over long distance through wind
  • causes leaf loss and lesions (ulcers) on bark of ash trees & can kill trees
30
Q

What do fungi produce to spread to other plants and animals?

A

Spores

31
Q

What is an example of a protist spread disease?

A

Malaria

32
Q

What is malaria?

A
  • spread by female mosquito
  • transfers infection into persons blood stream when it bites them
  • reoccurring severe fevers
  • lead to death
33
Q

How can we stop the spread of disease?

A
  • isolation , infected individuals
  • hygiene
  • vaccinations
  • identifying infection
  • disease vectors - e.g mosquito nets
34
Q

When do plants suffer from ion deficiency?

A

When the soil minerals are poor

35
Q

What are examples of deficiencies that plants can get?

A
  • magnesium

- nitrate

36
Q

What is magnesium deficiency in plants?

A
  • plant cannot photosynthesise well
  • cannot produce gloucose for healthy growth
  • plant leaves turn yellow
37
Q

What is magnesium needed for in plants?

A

Production of chlorophyll

38
Q

What are nitrates needed for?

A

Production & synthesis of proteins

39
Q

What is nitrate deficiency

A
  • wit our proteins plant cannot grow

- causes stunted growth

40
Q

What can plants also be infected by?

A
  • Pests (insects)
  • viruses
  • fungal diseases
41
Q

What are types of plant defences?

A
  • physical defences
  • mechanical
  • Chemical
42
Q

What are examples of physical defences in plants?

A
  • Bark, made of dead cells
  • waxy cuticle, barrier on surface of leaves on stems
  • cell walls, made of cellulose
43
Q

What are mechanical defences of cells?

A
  • thorns
  • leaves close up rapidly when touched
  • mimicry ( copying) to trick animals e.g. pattern on leaves that resemble insect eggs
44
Q

What are chemical defences in cells?

A
  • Antibacterial chemicals e.g. mint, garlic and witch hazel

- poisons e.g foxgloves, deadly nightshade

45
Q

How many types of organism can infect plants?

A

3

46
Q

What types of organism can infect plants?

A

Viruses
Insects
Fungi

47
Q

What are the signs of plant disease?

A
  • growths
  • areas of decay
  • presents of pests
  • discolouration
  • malformed stems / leaves
  • spots on leaves
  • stunted growth
48
Q

What are three ways of identifying plant disease?

A
  • microscopy
  • Field identification (looking at it)
  • (rule out) environmental causes
  • Laboratory tests
  • distribution analysis ( how is it spread)
49
Q

What are examples of some non- specific defences in the human body?

A
  • stomach acid
  • skin
  • mucus and cilia
  • tears
50
Q

What does stomach acid do to protect the human body?

A

Glands in stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid

- destroys pathogens that enter the stomach

51
Q

What does skin do to protect the body?

A
  • waterproof barrier pathogens cant pass through

- good bacteria permanently live in skin covering the surface , stops pathogens growing on our skin

52
Q

What does mucus and cilia do to protect the body?

A
  • produced in respiratory system
  • Traps particles & bacteria entering airways
  • cilia waft mucus back to throat to be swallowed
53
Q

What do tears do to protect the body?

A

Contain enzymes called iysozymes that destroy any pathogens that reach the eye

54
Q

What happens if a pathogen passes the non - specific defences?

A

The immune system is activated

55
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Biology (9 decks)

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