5 Health And Disease

Question 1

What is health?

Answer 1

A state of physical, mental and social wellbeing.

Question 2

What two categories can diseases divide into?

Answer 2

• Communicable
  Can be spread between organisms
• non communicable
  Cannot be spread between organisms

Question 3

What is the major contributor to ill health?

Answer 3

Disease

Question 4

What are other contributors to ill health?

Answer 4

Life situations
Diet
Stress

Question 5

Can diseases interact with each other?

Answer 5

Yes

E.g HIV virus suppresses immune system - prone to other diseases

Question 6

What can viruses occupying cells stimulate?

Answer 6

Cancer

Question 7

What are the 4 main types of pathogen?

Answer 7

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists

Question 8

Whalen are infections caused?

Answer 8

A foreign pathogen invades an organism

Question 9

What are the ways of infectious diseases spreading

Examples:

Answer 9

• Air e.g. TB
• Body fluids e.g. Ebola and HIV
• Vector (animal) e.g. malaria
• orally e.g helicopter bacteria
• sex e.g STIs
• water e.g. cholera

Question 10

What are viruses?

Answer 10

• Tiny, non- living (do not contain cells) particles

- can reproduce rapidly within the body

Question 11

What do viruses do?

Answer 11

• invade host cells
• inserts its own DNA into hosts DNA which is then replicated by the host cell
• cases cells to burst
• releases new viruses
• cell damage makes us feel ill

Question 12

What is bacteria?

Answer 12

small living cells

• can damage cells directly
• can release toxins (poisons) that damage cells and tissues making us feel ill

Question 13

What conditions are needed for bacteria to reproduce rapidly?

Answer 13

Warm
Moist
Good oxygen supply

Question 14

What are fungi?

Answer 14

Single celled organisums
Body made up of hyphae (thread like structures)
- able to grow & penetrate tissues ( e.g. human skin or surface of plants)
- produce spores ( reproductive unit) that can spread to plants and animals

Question 15

What are protists?

Answer 15

• single celled
• eukaryotic
• often parasites
• often transferee to host by vector (e.g insect)
• make us feel ill by damaging our tissues

Question 16

What are three examples of viruses?

Answer 16

HIV
Measles
Ebola

Question 17

What is HIV?

Answer 17

• sexual contact/ exchange of body fluids
• Firstly flu- like
• Enters lymph nodes & attacks immune cells
• Causes AIDS

Question 18

What are measles?

Answer 18

• fever & red skin rash
• can be fatal if complications arise
• most vaccinated against measles
• Spread by breathing in droplets

Question 19

What is Ebola?

Answer 19

• causes hemorrhagic ( affects blood vessels) fever

- spreads through body fluid

Question 20

What type of drugs are used to treat HIV?

Answer 20

Antiretroviral drugs

Question 21

What are the two virus pathways?

Answer 21

Lytic

Lysogenic

Question 22

What is the lytic pathway?

Answer 22

• virus infects host cell
• replicates
• cell splits open (cell lysis)
• releases more virus pathogens

Question 23

What is the lysogenic pathway?

Answer 23

• virus infects host cell
• viral genes stay dormant
• mitosis
• copies carry the virus genetic material

Question 24

What are examples of bacterial infections?

Answer 24

Tuberculosis
Stomach ulcers
Cholera

Question 25

WhT IS TB?

Answer 25

- Spreads in water droplets | - Causes serious damage to lungs

Question 26

What are stomach ulcers?

Answer 26

- helicobacter - sores in lining of stomach - eventually lead to cancers - spread through eating/ drinking something contaminated

Question 27

What is cholera?

Answer 27

- bacteria present in contaminated water - releases toxins - cause severe diarrhoea - results in dehydration

Question 28

What is an examp;e of a fungal disease?

Answer 28

Chalara ash dieback disease

Question 29

What is Chalara ash dieback disease?

Answer 29

- fungal disease - spore of fungus spread over long distance through wind - causes leaf loss and lesions (ulcers) on bark of ash trees & can kill trees

Question 30

What do fungi produce to spread to other plants and animals?

Answer 30

Spores

Question 31

What is an example of a protist spread disease?

Answer 31

Malaria

Question 32

What is malaria?

Answer 32

- spread by female mosquito - transfers infection into persons blood stream when it bites them - reoccurring severe fevers - lead to death

Question 33

How can we stop the spread of disease?

Answer 33

- isolation , infected individuals - hygiene - vaccinations - identifying infection - disease vectors - e.g mosquito nets

Question 34

When do plants suffer from ion deficiency?

Answer 34

When the soil minerals are poor

Question 35

What are examples of deficiencies that plants can get?

Answer 35

- magnesium | - nitrate

Question 36

What is magnesium deficiency in plants?

Answer 36

- plant cannot photosynthesise well - cannot produce gloucose for healthy growth - plant leaves turn yellow

Question 37

What is magnesium needed for in plants?

Answer 37

Production of chlorophyll

Question 38

What are nitrates needed for?

Answer 38

Production & synthesis of proteins

Question 39

What is nitrate deficiency

Answer 39

- wit our proteins plant cannot grow | - causes stunted growth

Question 40

What can plants also be infected by?

Answer 40

- Pests (insects) - viruses - fungal diseases

Question 41

What are types of plant defences?

Answer 41

- physical defences - mechanical - Chemical

Question 42

What are examples of physical defences in plants?

Answer 42

- Bark, made of dead cells - waxy cuticle, barrier on surface of leaves on stems - cell walls, made of cellulose

Question 43

What are mechanical defences of cells?

Answer 43

- thorns - leaves close up rapidly when touched - mimicry ( copying) to trick animals e.g. pattern on leaves that resemble insect eggs

Question 44

What are chemical defences in cells?

Answer 44

- Antibacterial chemicals e.g. mint, garlic and witch hazel | - poisons e.g foxgloves, deadly nightshade

Question 45

How many types of organism can infect plants?

Answer 45

3

Question 46

What types of organism can infect plants?

Answer 46

Viruses Insects Fungi

Question 47

What are the signs of plant disease?

Answer 47

- growths - areas of decay - presents of pests - discolouration - malformed stems / leaves - spots on leaves - stunted growth

Question 48

What are three ways of identifying plant disease?

Answer 48

- microscopy - Field identification (looking at it) - (rule out) environmental causes - Laboratory tests - distribution analysis ( how is it spread)

Question 49

What are examples of some non- specific defences in the human body?

Answer 49

- stomach acid - skin - mucus and cilia - tears

Question 50

What does stomach acid do to protect the human body?

Answer 50

Glands in stomach wall produce hydrochloric acid | - destroys pathogens that enter the stomach

Question 51

What does skin do to protect the body?

Answer 51

- waterproof barrier pathogens cant pass through | - good bacteria permanently live in skin covering the surface , stops pathogens growing on our skin

Question 52

What does mucus and cilia do to protect the body?

Answer 52

- produced in respiratory system - Traps particles & bacteria entering airways - cilia waft mucus back to throat to be swallowed

Question 53

What do tears do to protect the body?

Answer 53

Contain enzymes called iysozymes that destroy any pathogens that reach the eye

Question 54

What happens if a pathogen passes the non - specific defences?

Answer 54

The immune system is activated

Question 55

What is a pathogen?

Answer 55

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.