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7 -Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Coordinates the bodies response to changes in the environment using hormones

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

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3
Q

How do hormones travel?

A

In the bloodstream

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4
Q

What are the different endocrine glands?

A 
Thyroid 
Pituitary 
Ovaries
Pancreas
Adrenal 
Testes
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5
Q

Where is the thyroid gland, what does it do?

A

Neck
Releases thyroxine
Regulates metabolism, heart rate, temperature

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6
Q

Where is the pituitary gland, what does it do?

A

“Master Gland”
Brain
Linked to hypothalamus
Releases hormones in response to signals from hypothalamus
(Lots of these hormone trigger other glands to release hormones)

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7
Q

what the ovaries gland do?

A

Produces oestrogen
Controls puberty
One of Main hormones in regulation of menstrual cycle.

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8
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces insulin and glucagon

Regulate blood glucose levels

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9
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

Produces adrenaline - triggers ‘ flight or flight’ response when organism presented with a dangerous situation

2
Above both kidneys

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10
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Produce testosterone

Controls puberty and sperm production

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11
Q

What is the difference between the endocrine system and the CNS?

A

Endocrine

  • Slower response
  • However response can be long lasting
  • Can act on large areas
  • uses hormones

CNS

  • rapid response
  • electrical signals (by neurones)
  • short response
  • precise part of body
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12
Q

What is the basic response order that the endocrine and CNS both follow?

A

Receptor cells
Coordination centres
Effectors

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13
Q

What do receptor cells do?

A

Detect changes in the environment

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14
Q

What processes information in a control system?

A

Coordination centre

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15
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles/ glands

Bring about a response

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16
Q

What do coordination centres do?

A

Process information

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17
Q

What part of a control system bring about a response?

A

Effectors

Muscles/ glands

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18
Q

What part of a control system detects changes in the environment?

A

Receptor cells

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19
Q

What is the main hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine

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20
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Increases the basal ( resting) metabolic rate

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21
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central nervous system

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22
Q

What type of loop is thyroxine regulated by?

A

Negative feedback loop

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23
Q

What is the hormone TRH?

A

Thyrotropin- releasing hormone

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24
Q

When does the hypothalamus release TRH?

A

When concentration of thyroid hormones in blood is low.

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25
Q

What does the hypothalamus’ release of TRH do?

A

Causes pituitary to release TSH

- stimulates secretion of thyroxine by thyroid gland

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26
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

Thyroid- stimulating hormone

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27
Q

What happens once the thyroxine levels have returned to normal or above normal?

A

TRH secretion is reduced

This reduces TSH and thyroxin levels

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28
Q

What are all the hormones released when there is a low concentration of thyroid hormones?

A
  • TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone).
  • TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • thyroxine
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29
Q

What does ‘ basel’ mean?

A

Resting

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30
Q

What hormone is secreted by the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenaline

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31
Q

When is adrenaline secreted?

A

Fear of stress moments

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32
Q

What is the nicknamed response for adrenaline

A

‘Fight of flight’

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33
Q

What does the ‘fight or flight’ response do?

A

Prepares the body to move and think quickly in response of danger

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34
Q

What does adrenaline do to blood glucose, how does it help?

A

Blood glucose

  • liver converts stored glycogen back into glucose
  • raises blood sugar levels
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35
Q

What does adrenaline do to heart rate and blood pressure? how does it help?

A

increase heart rate and blood pressure

  • vasoconstriction
  • increase blood flow to muscles
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36
Q

What does adrenaline do to the lungs? How does it help?

A

Enlarges lungs
Alters metabolism
- boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and the muscles

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37
Q

What three things does adrenaline effect?

A

Lung volume
Heart rate and pressure
Blood glucose

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38
Q

What gland secretes adrenaline?

A

Adrenal glands

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39
Q

What are male secondary sex characteristics?

A

-Testosterone rises
stimulates sperm production
-Hair growth
-Voice deepens

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40
Q

What are female secondary sex characteristics?

A
  • oestrogen hormone rises
    Triggers menstrual cycle
  • hair
  • breasts enlarge
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41
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics caused by?

A

Puberty

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42
Q

What four hormones control the menstrual cycle? (Endocrine)

A
  • FSH (follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • Oestrogen
  • LH (Luteinising hormone)
  • progrestrerone
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43
Q

Is a female born with all her eggs?

A

Yes but only on egg will mature each month

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44
Q

What does the menstrual cycle involve?

A

Maturation and release of an egg

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45
Q

What hormone is released by pituitary gland and causes egg in ovary to mature?

A

FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
(Also stimulates production of oestrogen)

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46
Q

What hormone causes production of oestrogen?

A

FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone

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47
Q

What does the hormone oestrogen do?

A

Development of thick spongy uterus lining

Stimulates LH
(Luteinising hormone)

Stops production of FSH

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48
Q

Where is oestrogen released?

A

Ovaries

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49
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

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50
Q

What does LH do?

A

Ovulation

- Stimulates release of a mature egg on Day 14 of menstrual cycle

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51
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains lining of uterus in days 14-28

Stops release of LH and FSH

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52
Q

What happens when progesterone levels drop?

A

Triggers breakdown of uterus lining

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53
Q

What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

(days 1-4): The uterus lining breaks down, resulting in a ‘period’.

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54
Q

What is stage 2 of he menstrual cycle?

A

(days 4-14): The uterus lining starts to build up again into a thick, spongy layer full of blood vessels.

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55
Q

What is stage 3 of menstrual cycle?

A

Stage 3 (day 14): Ovulation happens. This is when an egg is released from one of the ovaries.

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56
Q

What is stage 4 of menstrual cycle?

A

(day 15-28): The uterus lining is maintained, which means that it is now ready for the arrival of a fertilised egg (which will eventually grow into a baby). If no fertilised egg is attached to the uterus lining, the lining breaks down and the cycle begins again.

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57
Q

What are the two main types of contraceptive pills?

A

-Combined pill
(Contains oestrogen and progesterone)
-Progesterone- only pill

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58
Q

What does the combined pill do?

A

Daily intake
Enough oestrogen builds up
Inhibits production of FSH- no eggs mature

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59
Q

What does the progesterone only contraceptive pill do?

A

-Stimulates production of thick sticky mucus
(Difficult for sperm to penetrate)
- inhibits release of FSH = eggs don’t mature
- as effective as combined pill, fewer side effects

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60
Q

What are three other ways of preventing contraception?

A

implant
Patch
Injection

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61
Q

What is the contraceptive implant

A
  • Lasts for 3 years
  • Inserted under skin
  • Continuously releases small amount of progesterone
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62
Q

What does the contraceptive patch do?

A
  • placed on skin
  • changed once a week
  • steadily releases progesterone
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63
Q

What does the contraceptive injection do?

A

-Contains progesterone -last up to 3 months

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64
Q

Which hormone is released by the contraceptive patch, injection and implant?

A

Progesterone

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65
Q

What contraceptive insertion methods are there

A
  • intrauterine devices (IUDs)

- diaphragms

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66
Q

What do Intrauterine devices (IUDs) do?

A
  • know as the coil
  • t- shaped
  • inserted into uterus
  • prevents implantation of an embryo
  • some release progesterone
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67
Q

What do diaphragms do?

A
  • shallow plastic cup
  • inserted in vagina pre sex
  • sits at entrance to uterus
  • prevents sperm from reaching egg
  • some covered in spermicide (murders sperm)
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68
Q

What do contraceptive pills do?

A

Reduce a woman’s fertility and chance of pregnancy

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69
Q

What do condoms protect against?

A

STIs ( sexually transmitted infections

E.g… chlamydia, gonorrhoea and HIV

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70
Q

What does spermicide do?

A

Kills sperm

Often on condoms

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71
Q

What do condoms prevent?

A

Sperm from entering female during ejaculation

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72
Q

What are natural methods of preventing contraception?

A

Abstinence

Timing

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73
Q

How does timing work as a contraceptive method?

A
  • females body temp rises during ovulation
  • avoid sexual intercourse
  • sperm can last for 6 days in woman’s body
  • not reliable method
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74
Q

What is the only truly effective method of avoiding pregnancy?

A

Abstinence

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75
Q

What permanent contraceptive procedures are there?

A

Sterilisation
Male = sperm ducts cut so sperm not released on ejaculation
Female= Fallopian tubes cut, egg cant reach uterus

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76
Q

What is a hormonal reason for a woman being infertile?

A

Some women do not have high enough levels of FSH to stimulate (lead to) the maturation of their eggs

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77
Q

What drugs help women who do not have enough FSH to become fertile?

A
  • Clomifene

- In vitro fertilisation

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78
Q

What does clomifene do?

A
  • Triggers ovulation
  • Increase in release of FSH
  • Helps follicle mature into egg cell
  • increase concentration of LH
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79
Q

What is IVF?

A
  • In vitro fertilisation
  • FSH and LH stimulat growth of lots of eggs
  • egg collected
  • fertilised in lab dish , fathers sperm
  • grow into embryos
  • implanted into woman’s uterus
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80
Q

What drugs are used to stimulate large numbers of eggs in IVF

A

FSH and LH

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81
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Small sac of fluid which contain immature eggs
Found outside layer of ovaries
Ruptures and releases egg (ovulation)

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82
Q

What would increase the chance of pregnancy in IVF?

A

Implanting two embryos

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83
Q

What is the point of fertility treatments?

A

offer fresh hope to couples who are unable to conceive naturally

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84
Q

What are the disadvantages to fertility treatments?

A
  • stress
  • expensive
    Not guaranteed to work, multiple attempts cost
  • multiple pregnancies
    Can put both mother and children at risk
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85
Q

What is a common side effect of any cancer?

A

Weight loss

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86
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

All the processes that happen in a cell or organism to maintain optimal conditions

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87
Q

What is homeostasis needed for?

A

Respond to changes in the internal and external environment

- enzymes function well, not denatureing

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88
Q

What happens if a enzyme denatures?

A

Their ability to catalyse metabolic reactions is reduced

89
Q

Why must humans regulate their body’s internal conditions

A

Make sure enzymes and cells function well

90
Q

What internal conditions need to be regulated in our bodies?

A 
Carbon dioxide levels 
Water levels
Urea (concentration in urine)
Internal body temperature 
Blood sugar levels
91
Q

What does FSH do ?

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary

92
Q

What does LH do?

A

luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of the egg

93
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

oestrogen is involved in repairing and thickening the uterus lining,

94
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

progesterone maintains the uterine lining

95
Q

What two types of response do control systems use?

A

Nervous and chemical

96
Q

What are the three parts of a coordination system?

A

Coordination centre

Receptor effector

97
Q

What is negative feedback?

A
  • internal condition changes
  • no longer optimal internal conditions
  • body works to counteract change
98
Q

What is the word for the control of body temperature?

A

Thermoregulation

99
Q

What heat do our bodies want to be kept as close as possible to?

A

37 degrees celcius

100
Q

What detects changes in temperature?

A

Receptors

101
Q

What do receptors relay information to?

A

The CNS

102
Q

What does the CNS do after being given information?

A

Allows effectors to respond

103
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles or glands

104
Q

What is the name of the receptor in the thermoregulatory part of our brain?

A

Hypothalamus

105
Q

What does the hypothalamus do as a thermoregulatory centre?

A
  • blood flows through brain

- monitors internal body temperature

106
Q

What receptors monitor temperature at the surface of our body?

A

The skin

107
Q

What is 37 degrees Celsius

A

Ideal human body temperature

108
Q

What does the body do in response to being too hot?

A
  • sweat
  • hairs lie flat
  • vasodilation
    Allows more blood to enter capillaries that pass close to skins surface
109
Q

What does the body do in response to being too cold?

A 
- shivering
Muscle contractions increase 
- hairs stand on end
- Vasoconstriction 
Reduces blood flow to capillaries
110
Q

What does ‘Vaso’ mean?

A

Something related to blood vessels

111
Q

What is vasodilation?

A
  • If we are too hot, then the muscular walls of blood vessels relax
  • Blood vessels dilate to allow more blood to enter capillaries.
112
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A
  • If we are too cold, then the muscular walls contract.

- Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow in capillaries

113
Q

What does thermoregulation control?

A

Body temperature

114
Q

Where are our sweat glands?

A

Middle layer of skin

- Demis

115
Q

What is the outer layer of our skin?

A

Epidermis

116
Q

How does sweating work?

A
  • Heat energy transferred to water in sweat
  • enough energy = evaporation
  • takes heat energy with it
  • lowers average temperature of the body
117
Q

What is shivering?

A

Muscles contracting rapidly and automatically

118
Q

How does shivering warm us up?

A
  • muscle contraction
  • needs energy
  • generated through respiration
  • respiration produces heat
  • warms us up
119
Q

What are hairs on our body controlled by?

A

Hair erector

120
Q

Where are hair erectors?

A

Dermis

121
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Middle layer of skin

122
Q

What happens to the hair erector muscle when we are too hot?

A
  • Muscle relaxes

- hair lies flat

123
Q

What happens to the hair erector muscle when we are too cold?

A

-Muscle contracts
- hair stands up on end
Pulls skin giving goosebumps

124
Q

Why do our hairs stand on end when we are cold?

A

Traps an insulating layer around body

125
Q

How do ducks lose heat?

A

From their feet

126
Q

How do have ducks evolved to reduce heat loss?

A
  • decreased blood flow to feet

- blood is cooled so less heat conducted away by the cold water

127
Q

What happens I’d blood glucose levels are too high?

A
  • negative impact on osmosis

- affects concentration gradients

128
Q

What happens I’d blood glucose levels are too low?

A
  • glucose important for respiration
  • respiration releases energy needed by every living cell
  • not enough glucose= not enough energy for organism
129
Q

What is glucose fuel for?

A

Respiration

130
Q

How does the body detect if blood glucose is at the right level?

A

Blood flowing through pancreas

131
Q

When will our bodies try bring our glucose levels back to normal?

A

If glucose levels are too high or low

- negative feedback loop

132
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too high?

A

Pancreas releases insulin into bloodstream

133
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too low?

A

Pancreas releases glucagon into blood stream

Glucose gone = glucagon

134
Q

What detects the presence of insulin?

A

The liver and muscle tissues

135
Q

What happens when insulin is detected?

A
  • Liver and muscle tissues

- convert excess glucose into glycogen

136
Q

When does the production of glycogen stop?

A

Pancreas detects normal level of blood glucose concentration

137
Q

What detects the presence of glucagon?

A

Liver

138
Q

What happens when glucagon is detected?

A
  • Liver
  • converts stores of glycogen back into glucose
  • released in bloodstream
139
Q

When does the production of glucose from glycogen stop?

A

Pancreas detects normal level of blood glucose concentration

140
Q

What is glycogen?

A
  • form of glucose
  • insoluble
  • can be stored for later use
141
Q

What is the optimal blood glucose range for humans?

A

6-8 mmol/dm 3

142
Q

What are people suffering from diabetes unable to control?

A

Blood glucose levels

143
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A
  • still produce insulin

- body’s no longer respond to it

144
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A
  • unable to produce enough insulin
145
Q

When does Type 1 diabetes develop?

A

During childhood

146
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

Don’t know

Think its body’s immune system attacking pancreas cells

147
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Inject insulin when blood glucose too high

- manage diet, exercise regularly

148
Q

Whalen does type 2 diabetes develop?

A

Later in life

- old age & overweight are primary risk factors

149
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A
  • injecting insulin wont help

- manage diet and exercise, keep blood glucose levels steady

150
Q

What are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

A

Old age

Obesity

151
Q

Can type 2 diabetics produce insulin?

A

Yes

- their body’s don’t respond to it

152
Q

Why must water levels be kept relatively constant in the body?

A

Control amount of water and ions diffusing in and out of cells

153
Q

What can disrupt water level balance?

A

Eating too much salt
Illness
Sweating
Exhalation

154
Q

What does eating too much salt do to disrupt water levels?

A

Can make blood ion concentration too high

155
Q

What does illness do to water levels?

A

Can cause:

  • fever
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea

Can result in dehydration

156
Q

What is dehydration

A

Blood’s water concentration too low

157
Q

What does sweating do to water levels?

A
  • water
  • ions
  • urea
    Lost in sweat
158
Q

What does exhalation do to water levels?

A

Water in lungs leaves body in persons breath

159
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A
  • higher water concentration
  • lower ion concentration

Than cells

160
Q

What happens if the blood becomes hypotonic?

A

Cells gain water by osmosis and burst

161
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A
  • lower water concentration
  • higher ion concentration

Than cells

162
Q

What happens if the blood becomes hypertonic?

A

Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink

163
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A
  • same water and ion concentration as cells
164
Q

What type of water solution does the blood want to be?

A

Isotonic

165
Q

How does the blood remain isotonic?

A

Homeostasis

- regulates blood water and ion concentrations

166
Q

What do the kidneys control?

A

Water and ion levels in the blood

167
Q

What must the blood’s ion levels be kept constant?

A

Control osmosis and diffusion between cells in body

168
Q

What monitors the volume of water in the blood?

A

Hypothalamus

169
Q

What are the main functions of the kidney?

A
  • filter blood
  • produce urine
    Remove unwanted substances such as urea
  • remove excess water
170
Q

Why must Water levels in the body must be kept relatively constant?

A

control the amount of water and ions diffusing in and out of cells.

171
Q

Why does urea need to be removed from the body?

A
  • It is toxic

- too much in bloodstream- harm cells and tissues

172
Q

When is urea formed?

A
  • digestion of protein
  • excess amino acids
  • cant be stored in body
173
Q

What process do amino acids undergo?

A

Deamination

174
Q

Where does deamination occur?

A

Liver

175
Q

What is the waste product of deamination?

A

Ammonia

176
Q

What happens to ammonia in he body?

A
  • Converted into urea

- excreted from body as urine

177
Q

What happens if there is too much urea in the bloodstream?

A

Causes harm to cells and tissues

178
Q

What are the millions of very small structures in the kidney called?

A

Nephrons

179
Q

What are the two stages of urine production?

A
  • ultrafiltration

- selective reabsorption

180
Q

Where do the two stages of urine production take place?

A

Nephrons in the kidney

181
Q

What happens in ultrafiltration?

A
  • blood capillaries form a glomerulus (knotted cluster)
  • blood filtered
  • Water, urea and salts move into nephron tubule
  • blood cells and proteins remain in blood
    Too big to move across capillary walls
182
Q

Where are glomerulus’ found?

A

Inside the Bowman’s capsule

183
Q

What happens in the bowman’s capsule?

A

Filtering occurs

184
Q

From the bowman’s capsule, where does all the waste go?

A

Filtered from glomerulus to the

Proximal convoluted tubule / nephron tubule

185
Q

What waste is filtered across from the glomerulus?

A

Water
Urea
Salts

186
Q

What remains in the blood and is not filtered by the glomerulus?

A

Proteins and blood cells

187
Q

Why do proteins and blood cells remain in the blood?

A

Too big to move across the capillary walls

188
Q

What happens during selective reabsorption in the nephron?

A
  • useful substances reabsorbed from tubule back into bloodstream
  • leaves all waste in tubule
  • mixture forms urine
  • collected by kidneys
  • travels to bladder
  • stored
  • excreted
189
Q

What are some of the useful substances reabsorbed during selective reabsorption?

A

Glucose and some water

190
Q

What are two stages in the process of urine production occurring in the nephron?

A

Ultrafiltration

Selective reabsorption

191
Q

What is ADH?

A

Anti - diuretic hormone

192
Q

What does diuretic mean?

A

Causing increased passing of urine

193
Q

What monitors the volume of water in the blood?

A

Hypothalamus

194
Q

What happens if the body has too much water?

A
  • hypothalamus—- pituitary gland

- stop releasing ADH

195
Q

What does stopping the release of ADH do?

A

Reduces permability if kidney tubules
- less water reabsorbed into bloodstream

= large volume of dilute urine

196
Q

What happens if the body has too little water?

A
  • hypothalamus triggers pituitary

- releases ADH

197
Q

What does the release of ADH do?

A
  • increases permeability of the kidney tubules
  • more water reabsorbed back into bloodstream

= small volume of concentrated urine

198
Q

Which hormone helps to control the volume of water in urine?

A

Anti- diuretic

199
Q

What is urea converted from?

A

Ammonia

200
Q

What is a treatment for kidney failure?

A

Dialysis

201
Q

How does the dialysis machine (simply ) work?

A
  • patient linked up to dialysis machine
  • blood flows into machine
  • machine fluid diffuses good things across to blood
  • bad things from blood into machine fluid
202
Q

What does the dialysis machine fluids contain?

A

Optimum concentrations of
Salts ( e.g. sodium &potassium ions)
Glucose

203
Q

How does the dialysis machine sort out stuff in the blood?

A
  • patients blood passes over partially permeable membrane
  • dialysis fluid other side of membrane
  • concentration gradient established
  • diffusion
204
Q

What diffuses from the blood to the dialysis fluid?

A

Excess ions and urea

205
Q

What diffuses from the dialysis fluid into the blood?

A

Salts and glucose

206
Q

What is a dialysis machine designed to replicate?

A

Kidneys function

207
Q

What are the disadvantages of dialysis?

A
  • lasts 3-4 hours
  • needed 3 times a week
  • increase risk of blood clots and infections
  • expensive process
208
Q

What are the advantages of dialysis?

A
  • life saving process

- gives patient more time to find a kidney donor

209
Q

Wha happens if the concentrations of urea and salts are too far away from optimum?

A

May cause tissue damage

210
Q

How many kidneys do humans have?

A

2

211
Q

Why can kidneys be donated from a live donor?

A

Humans can survive with only one kidney

212
Q

If a patient receives a donated kidney, what drugs do they need to take?

A

Immunosuppressants

- rest of lives

213
Q

What do immunosuppressants do?

A

Suppress immune system

- stop it destroying foreign cells of transplanted kidney

214
Q

Where do kidney transplants often come from?

- why?

A

Close relatives

- higher chance of tissue match

215
Q

What are the advantages of having a kidney transplant?

A
  • does not need dialysis treatment (time consuming)

- cheaper than dialysis in long run

216
Q

What are the disadvantages of kidney transplants?

A
  • kidney may be rejected from body
  • long waiting lists
  • often have to are immunosuppressants
    (Can make patient prone to other infections)
217
Q

Where are adrenal glands situated?

A

Above the kidneys

218
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes egg in ovary to mature

Stimulates production of oestrogen

Biology (9 decks)

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