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Biology > 6- Plant Structure And Function > Flashcards

6- Plant Structure And Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts on plants and algae

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2
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

Needs energy

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3
Q

What chemical inside chloroplasts is sunlight energy trapped inside?

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

Because photosynthesis is endothermic- what is the energy needed?

A

Sunlight

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5
Q

Where are plants and algae on a food chain?

A

1st

They are producers

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6
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ——- C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2

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7
Q

What are the 4 key factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?

A

chlorophyll concentration
- high means high rate of photo…
Carbon dioxide concentration
- +C02 = + rate of photo…
- above a threshold more C02 doesn’t increase rate because of another limiting factor (e.g. light intensity
Temperature
- increase = faster rate because more energy
- if temp over 45 degrees, enzymes start to denature
- rate of reaction drops
Light intensity
- increase = faster rate, more energy
- increase over threshold another factor is the limiting reactant

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8
Q

What does a limiting factor do?

A

Restricts the rate of reaction

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9
Q

What are some limiting factors faced by the plant?

A

Night
Winter
Warm and bright conditions
Mineral deficient soil

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10
Q

What is the limiting factor in night time?

A

Light intensity

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11
Q

What is the limiting factor in winter?

A

Temperature

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12
Q

What is the limiting factor in warm and bright conditions?

A

CO2 concentration

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13
Q

What is the limiting factor in mineral deficient soil?

A

Chlorophyll concentration

- plants may not absorb enough minerals to produce lots of chlorophyll

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14
Q

How can you test the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • aquatic plant
  • change distance between lamp and pondweed
  • count number of bubbles

Independent variable = light intensity
Dependant variable = no. Of bubbles

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15
Q

What is the light intensity equation?

A

Light intensity (L) = 1 / distance squared

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16
Q

What restricts the rate of a reaction?

A

A limiting factor

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17
Q

What is accuracy?

A

How close a measured value is to the true value

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18
Q

What is reliability?

A

The ability of an experiment to produce consistent results

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19
Q

What is validity?

A

How appropriate an experimental method is to achieving the aim of the experiment

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20
Q

What is an easy way to increase the reliability of an experiment?

A

Repeating the experiment

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21
Q

What reduces the validity of the pondweed light experiment?

A

Assume that all the bubbles are oxygen

- plants respire which produces CO2

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22
Q

Why is the pondweed light experiment not accurate?

A

Might not count all the bubbles

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23
Q

What does a root hair cell do?

A

Increase efficiency of a plants water absorption and uptake of minerals

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24
Q

What makes a root hair cell specific to its function?

A 
Long projections (hairs)
No chloroplasts
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25
Q

How do long projections on a root hair cell help its function?

A

Increase surface area to Absorb water and minerals

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26
Q

Why does a root hair cell not have chloroplasts?

A
  • cells underground

- no chloroplasts because there is no light for photosynthesis

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27
Q

What is a Xylem cell specialised to do?

A

Transport water up stem of plant to leaves

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28
Q

What is lignin?

A

A substance that strengthens the cell walls of xylem cells

  • can withstand pressure changes
  • waterproofing
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29
Q

What is the xylem made from?

A

Series of dead xylem cells

- the end walls are broken to allow water through

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30
Q

What are the long projections on a root hair cell also known as?

A

Hair

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31
Q

What is a stomata?

A

Gaps in the lower epidermis of leaves

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32
Q

What do stomata do?

A

Facilitate diffusion of gasses in and out of leaf

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33
Q

What opens and closes the stomata?

A

Guard cells

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34
Q

How do guard cells close the stomata?

A

Lose water and return to limp state

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35
Q

How do guard cells open the stomata?

A

Take up lots of water causing them to swell

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36
Q

When can a plant afford to lose water?

A

When water is abundant

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37
Q

What does the state of the stomata ( open or closed) achieve?

A

Balance between

  • allowing gasses into leaves for photosynthesis
  • conserving water
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38
Q

When can a plant allow gasses to move freely in and out of leaf?

A

When water is abundant

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39
Q

What do the stomata do when water is scarce? Why?

A

Stomata close

- prevents further water loss

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40
Q

What do the stomata do at night?

A

Close

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41
Q

Why do stay at a close at night?

A

No sunlight so CO2 is not needed for photosynthesis.

42
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Water transport

43
Q

What direction does water move?

A

Roots to the leaves

44
Q

Where dose transpiration occur? What does it transport?

A

Water and minerals dissolved in it

- trough plant

45
Q

How are mineral ions taken up in a plant?

A

Active transport

46
Q

How do root hair chess absorb water from the soil?

A

Osmosis

47
Q

What happens to the water and minerals after being absorbed by root hair cells?

A

Water and minerals transported in xylem vessels up stem and into leaves

48
Q

What happens to water once it reaches the leaves?

A

majority evaporates & vapour diffuses through open stomata

49
Q

What is water being evaporated from leaves known as?

A

Transpiration

50
Q

What does transpiration do for the plant?

A

Helps pull water up from roots

51
Q

What does transpiration in plants transport?

A

Water

Minerals

52
Q

What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Light intensity
Air flow (wind)
Humidity
Temperature

53
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increased light intensity= water evaporates faster

  • increases rate of transpiration
54
Q

How does air flow affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increased airflow= carry’s water away from plants leaves
- encourages more water to evaporate

Increases rate of transpiration

55
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increased humidity = increased amount of water in air

  • more difficult for water to evaporate
  • decreases rate of transpiration
56
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increase temp = Makes water evaporate faster

  • increases rate of transpiration
57
Q

How do you measure the rate of transpiration?

A
  • potometer
  • water lost through plants leaves
  • air bubble moves
  • speed of bubbles movement = rate of water uptake
  • only an estimated
58
Q

When measuring the rate of transpiration with a potometer, why is the calculation only an estimate?

A

A small amount of the water taken up by the shoot is used in the leaves and is not transpired.

59
Q

What apparatus is used to calculate the rate of transpiration?

A

Potometer

60
Q

What does the phloem specialised to do?

A

Transport food products to parts of plant that needs it

61
Q

What is the phloem made of?

A

Phloem vellsels are made up of columns of living cells.

62
Q

How does food move through phloem cells?

A

The end walls of phloem cells contain small holes

- allows food to flow through phloem vessels

63
Q

What is translocation?

A

Process by which food is transported

  • from leaves
  • to growing regions
  • storage
64
Q

How is food produced in a plant?

A

Photosynthesis

65
Q

Where does translocation happen?

A

Phloem tubes

66
Q

What is in cell sap?

A

Liquid in plants

  • stores sugars
  • salts
  • amino acids
67
Q

How is sap transported?

A

Through translocation in phloem tubes

68
Q

What does bidirectional mean?

A

Movement up and down the plant

69
Q

What is bidirectional?

A

Translocation

70
Q

What are examples of the different types of tissues in leaves?

A
  • spongy mesophyll
  • stomata
  • epidermal tissue
  • palisade mesophyll
71
Q

What is spongy mesophyll?

A
  • contains many air spaces

- helps gas exchange throughout leaf

72
Q

What is the stomata?

A
  • gaps
  • facilitate diffusion of gas in and out of leaf
  • can open and close
73
Q

Where is the stomata found?

A

Lower epidermis

74
Q

What is the epidermal tissue?

A

Covers outer surface of leaves
(And plant )

  • has waxy cuticle for protection
75
Q

What does the waxy cuticle do?

A

Protective barrier

  • mechanical injury
  • water loss
  • infection
76
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll?

A
  • row of cells
  • exposed to lots of sunlight
  • contain lots of chloroplasts
  • maximises energy created by photosynthesis
77
Q

Where is the palisade mesophyll?

A

Bellow the upper epidermis

78
Q

Why do pans produce hormones?

A

Let’s them respond to changes in the external environment

79
Q

What are the key plant hormones?

A

Auxins
Gibberellins
Ethene

80
Q

What are auxins?

A

change growth patterns

- allows shoots or roots to move either towards or away from stimulus

81
Q

What are responses to stimuli that involve directional growth called?

A

Tropisms

82
Q

What do gibberellins do?

A

Starting off seed germination process

83
Q

What does ethene do?

A
  • gas
  • controls cell division
  • leaf fall
  • ripening of fruits
84
Q

What are tropisms controlled by?

A

Auxins

85
Q

What can tropisms be split into?

A
  • phototropisms

- gravitropisms

86
Q

What does positive phototropism involve?

A

Growth towards light source

87
Q

What does negative phototropism involve?

A

Growth away from light source

88
Q

What does positive gravitropism involve?

A

Growth towards direction of gravity

89
Q

What does negative gravitropism involve?

A

Growth away from direction of gravity

90
Q

What do auxins promote in shoots?

A

Elongation of cells

More auxins on one side of plant = grow longer on that side

91
Q

What do auxins prevent in shoots?

A

Elongation of cells

92
Q

What do people use plant hormones for?

A

Agricultural (farming)

Horticulture (gardening)

93
Q

How are auxins used in agriculture and horticulture?

A

Weed killers
- selectively kills weed (not grasses like wheat)
Rooting powders
- promotes root growth in tissue culture

94
Q

How do auxins work as weed killers?

A
  • start rapid growth

- weed uses up resources

95
Q

How is ethene used in agriculture and horticulture?

A

Speeds up ripening of fruit during transport

96
Q

How are gibberellins used in agriculture and horticulture?

A
  • Promote flowering
  • Increase fruit size
  • Start seed germination
  • can trigger production of seedless fruit (e.g. grapes and bananas)
  • fruit produced without fertilisation of plants ovules
97
Q

What are the harshest conditions for a plant?

A

High heat

Low water

98
Q

What is the name of the type of plant that is adapted for heat and low water?

A

Xerophyte

99
Q

What adaptions does a xerophyte have to help it survive?

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • sunken stomata
  • small leaves
100
Q

Why does having a waxy cuticle help a xerophyte?

A

Waterproof

- reduces water evaporation

101
Q

Why does having sunken stomata help a xerophyte?

A
  • Reduces amount of water vapour that can diffuse out of stomata
  • stomata close during day & night if low on water or temp too high
102
Q

Why do xerophytes often have small leaves?

A
  • reduces surface area
  • fewer stomata
  • less water loss through transpiration

Biology (9 decks)

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