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Cardiovascular > 8. Anatomy of Circulation II - conduction system and peripheral vessels (HARC) > Flashcards

8. Anatomy of Circulation II - conduction system and peripheral vessels (HARC) Flashcards

1
Q

4 parts of CONDUCTION SYSTEM

A
  1. SINU-ATRIAL NODE
  2. ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE
  3. ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE (RIGHT and LEFT BRANCHES)
  4. SUBENDOCARDIAL PLEXUS of CONDUCTION CELLS (PURKINJE FIBRES)
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2
Q

where is the SAN (cardiac pacemaker)

A

at the SUPERIOR END of CRISTA TERMINALIS
at the JUNCTION of the SVC and RIGHT ATRIUM

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3
Q

where is the AV NODE found

A

in the ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTUM - TRIANGLE OF KOCH

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4
Q

AV NODE is located in the ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTUM in the region known as the…

A

TRIANGLE OF KOCH

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5
Q

BOUNDARIES of the TRIANGLE OF KOCH

A
  • SEPTAL CUSP of the TRICUSPID VALVE
  • OPENING of the CORONARY SINUS
  • TENDON OF TODARO
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6
Q

AV NODE found where in the TRIANGLE OF KOCH

A

APEX

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7
Q

which CUSP of the TRICUSPID VALVE is a boundary of the TRIANGLE OF KOCH

A

SEPTAL CUSP

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8
Q

ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE aka BUNDLE OF HIS is a direct CONTINUATION of the…

A

AV NODE

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9
Q

ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE (BUNDLE of HIS) follows along the LOWER BORDER of the …. before splitting into left and right branches

A

MEMBRANOUS PART of the INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM

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10
Q

BUNDLE BRANCHES from the ATRIOVENTRICULAR BRANCH conduct the IMPULSE to the…

A

PURKINJE FIBRES of right and left ventricles

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11
Q

Boundary of TRIANGLE OF KOCH is the TENDON OF…

A

TODARO

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12
Q

the LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH continues along the left side of the MUSCULAR INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM towards the APEX of the LEFT VENTRICLE

  • gives off branches that eventually become continuous with the…
A

PURKINJE FIBRES

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13
Q

the RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH continues along the right side of the INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM towards the APEX of the right ventricle.

how does it reach the BASE of the ANTERIOR PAPILLARY MUSCLE? (via..)

A

By entering the SEPTOMARGINAL TRABECULA to reach the base of the anterior papillary muscle

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14
Q

where does the RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH divide and become continuous with the PURKINJE FIBRES

A

at the BASE of the ANTERIOR PAPILLARY MUSCLE

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15
Q

what is the benefit of the RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH entering the SEPTOMARGINAL TRABECULA in order to reach the Base of the ANTERIOR PAPILLARY MUSCLE (shortcut)

A

ensures EQUAL CONDUCTION TIME in the LEFT and RIGHT VENTRICLES
- for COORDINATED CONTRACTION of anterior papillary muscle

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16
Q

what is the SUBENDOCARDIAL PLEXUS OF CONDUCTION CELLS

A

the PURKINJE FIBRES

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17
Q

where are the PURKINJE FIBRES LOCATED in the VENTRICLES

A

in the SUBENDOCARDIAL SURFACE of ventricular WALLS

  • TERMINATE at the MYOCARDIAL CELLS
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18
Q

PURKINJE FIBRES are ABUNDANT with.. and have EXTENSIVE…

A

abundant with GLYCOGEN

have EXTENSIVE GAP JUNCTIONS

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19
Q

what do EXTENSIVE GAP JUNCTIONS of the PURKINJE FIBRES allow

A

to RAPIDLY TRANSMIT ACTION POTENTIALS from AV BUNDLE to MYOCARDIUM of VENTRICLES

  • rapid conduction allows co-ordinated ventricular contraction
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20
Q

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM influences:

A
  • HEART RATE
  • FORCE of CONTRACTION
  • CARDIAC OUTPUT
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21
Q

branches from both the PARASYMPATHETIC and SYMPATHETIC systems contribute to the…

A

CARDIAC PLEXUS

  • Superficial part of cardiac plexus is between the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
  • Deeper part is between the aortic arch and trachea bifurcation

branches affect nodal tissue and other components of the conduction system, coronary blood vessels and atria and ventricular musculature

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22
Q

AFFECT of SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

INCREASES FIRING RATE of SAN

  • INCREASES HEART RATE
  • INCREASES FORCE of Contraction
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23
Q

SYMPATHETIC FIBRES reach the CARDIAC PLEXUS though which nerves

A

CARDIAC NERVES from the SYMPATHETIC TRUNK

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24
Q

AFFECT of PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • DECREASES HEART RATE
  • REDUCES FORCE of CONTRACTION

& CONSTRICTS CORONARY ARTERIES

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25
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC FIBRES reach the HEART AS CARDIAC BRANCHES from which nerve

A

RIGHT & LEFT VAGUS NERVES

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26
Q

VISCERAL AFFERENT FIBRES convey … and … FIBRES from the HEART

A

REFLEXIVE and NOCICEPTIVE fibres

27
Q

VAGAL AFFERENTS associated with VAGAL CARDIAC NERVES (PARASYMPATHETIC) are primarily concerned with…

A

CARDIAC REFLEXES

ie BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD CHEMISTRY

28
Q

VAGAL AFFERENTS associated with CARDIAC NERVES FROM SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS (Sympathetic) conduct…

A

PAIN SENSATION FROM the HEART

29
Q

where does patient PERCIEVE PAIN FROM HEART (in which Dermatomes)

A

T1-T4

(visceral sensory and somatic afferent nerves are both at t1-t4 so brain cannot distinguish between them)

30
Q

which NERVOUS SYSTEM enables HEART PAIN SENSATION

A

SYMPATHETIC

  • CARDIAC NERVES FROM SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS
31
Q

name the GREAT VESSELS

A

AORTA
PULMONARY ARTERIES
PULMONARY VEINS
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
INFERIOR VENA CAVA

32
Q

ASCENDING AORTA (transports oxygen rich blood from left ventricle) is contained within the PERICARDIAL SAC.

It is one of the contents of the … MEDIASTINUM

A

MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM

33
Q

ASCENDING AORTA begins at the Aortic Orifice of the Left Ventricle, Ascends and MOVES TO THE…
(right or left)

34
Q

when is the ASCENDING AORTA known as the ARCH OF THE AORTA

A

at the level of the STERNAL PLANE as it enters the SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM

35
Q

BRANCHES of the ASCENDING AORTA:

A

LEFT & RIGHT CORONARY ARTERIES

36
Q

in what DIRECTION does the ARCH OF THE AORTA arch?

A

POSTERIORLY and to the LEFT

37
Q

THREE BRANCHES arise from the SUPERIOR BORDER of the ARCH OF THE AORTA:

A
  • BRACIOCEPHALIC TRUNK (largest)
  • LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
  • LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
38
Q

what is the remnant found on the INFERIOR aspect of the ARCH OF THE AORTA

A

LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUS

  • Remnant of the DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (connects pulmonary trunk to the arch to bypass lungs)
39
Q

what are the branches of the BRACIOCEPHALIC TRUNK

A
  • RIGHT COMMON CAROTID
  • RIGHT SUCLAVIAN
40
Q

the DESCENDING AORTA is the Continuation of the ARCH OF AORTA at which level

A

at STERNAL PLANE

  • VERTEBRAL LEVEL T4
41
Q

DESCENDING AORTA descends the Thorax in the … MEDIASTINUM

A

POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM

42
Q

how does the DESCENDING AORTA move in relation to the VERTEBRAL BODIES

A

BEGINS to the LEFT of the Vertebral Bodies

moves ANTERIOR to the Vertebral Bodies

43
Q

at which level does the DESCENDING AORTA pass through the DIAPHRAPGM (through AORTIC HIATUS) to become the ABDOMINAL AORTA

44
Q

AORTA ARCHES POSTERIORLY and then to the right or left

45
Q

which vessel BEGINS as the MOST ANTERIOR of the GREAT VESSELS

A

PULMONARY TRUNK
(venous blood from right ventricle to lungs)

46
Q

as the PULMONARY TRUNK ASCENDS it MOVES … and to the … of the ASCENDING AORTA

A

POSTERIORLY
and to the LEFT of the ASCENDING AORTA

47
Q

PULMONARY TRUNK BIFURCATES in LEFT & RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERIES (to left and right lungs) at which VERTEBRAL LEVEL

48
Q

PULMONARY VEINS transport OXYGEN RICH blood from the Lungs to the LEFT ATRIUM.

how many pulmonary veins do we have?

A

4

SUPERIOR LEFT & RIGHT
INFERIOR LEFT & RIGHT

49
Q

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA (SVC) transports VENOUS BLOOD FROM … to the right atrium

A

HEAD, NECK, UPPER LIMBS and INTERCOSTAL VEINS
(all structures superior to diaphragm except heart and lungs)

50
Q

SCV is formed by the UNION of which VEINS

A

RIGHT & LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS

51
Q

RIGHT & LEFT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS form the SVC.

braciocephalic veins are formed by the UNION of which VEINS

A

INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS
SUBCLAVIAN VEINS

52
Q

does the SVC have VALVES

A

NO - VALVELESS

  • as blood flowing in direction of gravity (down)
53
Q

SVC BEGINS POSTERIOR to the … COSTAL CARTILAGE and DESCENDS until the … COSTAL CARTILAGE

A

1ST RIGHT COSTAL CARTILAGE

until the 3RD COSTAL CARTILAGE

54
Q

INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC) transports VENOUS BLOOD FROM..

A

the ABDOMEN, PELVIS, LOWER LIMBS (region below diaphragm)

55
Q

IVC passes through the CENTRAL TENDON / CAVAL HIATUS of the DIAPHRAGM at which VERTEBRAL LEVEL

A

T8

(vena cava = 8
oesophagus = 10
aortic hiatus = 12)

56
Q

which PORTION of the IVC is SHORT

A

THORACIC PORTION

  • passes through the PERICARDIUM
57
Q

does the IVC have VALVES

A

NO - VALVELESS

as forward flow of blood to heart is driven by differential pressure created by normal pressure

58
Q

Which part of the CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM PASSES through the SEPTOMARGINAL TRABECULA

A

RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH

59
Q

VISCERAL AFFERENT FIBRES associated with the VAGAL CARDIAC NERVES are concerned with….

A

CARDIAC REFLEXES

60
Q

the RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERY passes POSTERIOR to which 2 VESSELS

A

ASCENDING AORTA
& SVC

61
Q

which part of the AORTA is within the MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM

A

ASCENDING AORTA

62
Q

which part of the AORTA is within the POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM

A

DESCENDING AORTA

63
Q

the HEART is found in the … MEDIASTINUM

A

MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM

Cardiovascular (16 decks)

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