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Cardiovascular > 6. Constituents of Blood and Oxygen Delivery > Flashcards

6. Constituents of Blood and Oxygen Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

the PASSAGE of FLUID through the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM or LYMPHATIC System to an ORGAN or TISSUE,

usually referring to the DELIVERY OF BLOOD TO A CAPILLARY BED IN TISSUE is known as:

A

PERFUSION

(achieved by the heart providing sufficient cardiac output)

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2
Q

depending on size how much BLOOD do we have

A

4-6L

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3
Q

the PLASMA PORTION of BLOOD (60%) consists of:

(other 40% of blood is cells and platelets)

A

90% WATER
10 % DISSOLVED MATERIALS
- glucose, ions, salts, proteins, hormones, gases, ph buffer, waste

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4
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS
what do they carry?
where are they destroyed after 120 day lifespan?

how many in one drop of blood?

A

carry O2 and CO2

destroyed in the LIVER

(5 million in one drop of blood)

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5
Q

how do LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS) DIFFER to ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)

A
  • LARGER
  • have NUCLEUS
  • NO HAEMOGLOBIN
  • function in IMMUNE RESPONSE
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6
Q

What are the 5 TYPES of LEUKOCYTES

A
  • NEUTROPHILS
    squeeze through capillary walls into tissue fluid, phagocytosis
  • MACROPHAGES
    release white blood cells growth factors causing a population increase for wbc
  • LYMPHOCYTES
    fight infection
  • T CELLS
    attack cells containing viruses
  • B CELLS
    produce antibodies.
    antigen-antibody complex phagocytosed by macrophage
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7
Q

which LEUKOCYTE RELEASES WHITE BLOOD CELL GROWTH FACTORS to increase the population number

A

MACROPHAGES

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8
Q

what do PLATELETS do

A

help STOP BLEADING

  • stick to the opening of damaged blood vessesl, attract more and form a PLUG to SEAL BROKEN BLOOD VESSEL
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9
Q

PLATELETS SURVIVE for 10 days before they are REMOVED BY…

A

the LIVER and SPLEEN

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10
Q

what is the name for the inability to clot aka ‘bleeders disease’

A

Haemophillia

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11
Q

where are RED BLOOD CELLS and WHITE BLOOD CELLS MADE

A

BONE MARROW

RED: RED MARROW
WHITE: YELLOW MARROW

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12
Q

what classes as EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

A

PULMONARY VENTILATION & PULMONARY DIFFUSION

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13
Q

what classes as INTERNAL RESPIRATION

A

TRANSPORT TO/FROM TISSUE
CAPILLARY DIFFSUION and EXCHANGE

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14
Q

how do BRONCHIAL and VASCULAR TREES provide MAXIMUM SURFACE AREA for gas exchange

A

they are fundamentally LINKED to one another

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15
Q

what happens in INSPIRATION/INHALATION

A

ACTIVE PROCESS

  • DIAPHRAGM FLATTENS (CONTRACTS)
  • EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES CONTRACT
  • VOLUME INCREASES, PRESSURE DECREASES
    (Boyle’s law: pressure x volume = constant)

air moves IN

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16
Q

what happens in EXPIRATION/EXHALATION

A

PASSIVE process

  • DIAPHRAGM RELAXES and recoils back up
  • EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES RELAX
  • VOLUME DECREASE, PRESSURE INCREASE

air moves OUT

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17
Q

when does EXPIRATION become an ACTIVE process

A

in HEAVY EXERCISE

  • Internal intercostal muscles pull ribs back down to increase rate
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18
Q

BRONCHOCONSTRICTION is the activity of which nervous system

A

PARASYMPATHETIC activity

(or due to cold or allergens)

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19
Q

BRONCHODILATION is the activity of which nervous system

A

SYMPATHETIC activity
- adrenaline/noradrenaline

(Also exercise or B2-agonists ie salbutamol for asthmatics)

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20
Q

how is VASCULAR RESISTANCE and PRESSURE in the PULMONARY SYSTEM as opposed to circulatory system

A

LOWER RESISTANCE due to LOWER PRESSURE

(therefore have thinner smooth muscle layer in the wall of pulmonary vessels)

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21
Q

which LAW is the following:
‘TOTAL PRESSURES OF A MIXTURE OF GASES EQUALS THE SUM OF THE PARTIAL PRESSURES OF THE INDIVIDUAL GASES IN THAT MIXTURE’

A

DALTON’S LAW

22
Q

which LAW states that
WHEN A MIXTURE OF GASES IS IN CONTACT WITH A LIQUID, EACH GAS WILL DISSOLVE IN THE LIQUID IN PROPORTION TO ITS PARTIAL PRESSURE.
the AMOUNT OF GAS THAT DISSLVES IN A LIQUID is also DEPENDENT UPON THE SOLUBILITY OF THE GAS AND THE TEMPERTATURE OF THE LIQUID

A

HENRY’S LAW

23
Q

does Venous blood or Alveolar air have higher PCO2

A

Venous blood as some CO2 remains in blood (residual)

24
Q

what CONSTRICT/DILATE to REGULATE AIR FLOW

A

BRONCHIOLES

25
Q

what CONSTRICT/DILATE to REGULATE BLOOD FLOW

A

ARTERIOLES

26
Q

how much of BLOOD is BOUND to HAEMOGLOBIN

A

98%

  • 2% dissolved in blood
27
Q

where is CO2 in the body

A

60-70% DISSOLVED in BLOOD AS BICARBONATE IONS
(CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-)

7-10% DISSOLVED in BLOOD

up to 20% BOUND to HAEMOGLOBIN (to globin - polypeptide chain)

28
Q

what is CHLORIDE SHIFT

A

MAINTAINS BLOOD PH

exchange
- Cl- moved INTO RBC
- HCO3- moved INTO BLOOD PLASMA as BUFFER

29
Q

what is BOHR EFFECT

A

if too ACIDIC (HIGH H+)

O2 RELEASED from HAEMOGLOBIN (right shift)
H+ BINDS to HAEMOGLOBIN

30
Q

what is HALDANE EFFECT

A

CO2 BINDS BETTER to DEOXYHAEMOGLOBIN (HbH) than to OXYHAEMOGLOBIN (HbO2)

so binding of O2 to Hb causes the RELEASE of CO2
or
Binding CO2 to Hb causes RELEASE of O2

31
Q

when does the OXYHAEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE SHIFT to the RIGHT

A

DECREASED AFFINITY and more O2 RELEASE

due to
- DECREASED pH (more acidic) (Bohr effect)
- INCREASED CO2
- INCREASED TEMP

32
Q

when does the OXYHAEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE SHIFT to the LEFT

A

INCREASED AFFINITY and more O2 LOADING

due to
- INCREASED pH (less acidic)
- DECREASED CO2
- DECREASED TEMP

33
Q

in MUSCLE CELLS, what CARRIES O2 TO the MITOCHONDRIA (from the haemoglobin)

A

MYOGLOBIN

34
Q

there is a STEEP SATURATION CURVE for MYOGLOBIN which means

A

very EFFICIENT DELIVERY of O2 TO MITOCHONDRIA

35
Q

what does the HEART use as its PRIMARY SUBSTRATE for Oxidative Metabolism to produce ATP

A

FREE FATTY ACIDS

36
Q

in HEAVY EXERCISE what can be used to give ATP instead of free fatty acids

A

LACTATE

37
Q

is ISCHAEMIA what is used to give ATP (small amount) instead of free fatty acids

A

GLUSOSE via ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

(also use glucose following a meal)

38
Q

CARDIOMYOCYTES have the LARGEST NUMBER of..

A

MITOCHONDRIA

  • for efficient ATP synthesis from free fatty acids
39
Q

what do CARDIOMYOCYTES require adequate levels of for CONTRACTION

A

CALCIUM

(and low calcium for relaxation)

40
Q

how is BLOOD FLOW DIVERTED during EXERCISE

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE need more

Gut needs less so diverted from gut

41
Q

what are the site of GREATEST REGULATION of BP and ABSORBS the GREATEST PRESSURE DROP

A

ARTERIOLES

42
Q

during EXERCISE, INITIAL CHANGE in PULMONARY VENTILATION RATE is due to…

later change is due to…

A

initial: NEURAL INPUTS

later: due to CHANGES in CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of BLOOD GASES/pH

ventilation response may even increase before, anticipating activity

43
Q

why can HYPERVENTILATION lead to Unconsciousness

A

REDUCES PCO2 and so Blood pH can INCREASE (alkaline)

44
Q

when does LACTATE come

A

as soon as RESPIRATORY RATE INCREASES

45
Q

why may ASTHMA LIMIT ABILITY to EXERCISE

A

CONSTRICTS AIRWAYS

46
Q

why may FIBROSIS LIMIT ABILITY to EXERCISE

A

lungs have FIBROUS TISSUE laid down
- STIFFER LUNGS
- LESS ELASTIC
- more DIFFICULT to BREATHE

47
Q

what does PULMONARY HYPERTENSION include

A

HIGH BP in ARTERIES IN LUNGS

THICKENING of PULMONARY ARTERIES so become
LESS COMPLIANT / STRETCHY during systole
- REDUCED BLOOD FLOW
- more work for right side of heart
leads to heart failure and death

  • poor gas exchange
  • limited ability to carry out basic exercise
48
Q

what can lead to REDUCED BLOOD FLOW in a LIMB

A

PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (PAD)

= reduced metabolites and O2 (may cause ischaemia)

49
Q

what is HAEMOGLOBINOPATHY

A

conditions caused by a QUALITATIVE STRUCTURAL ABMORMALITY of the GLOBIN POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS in HAEMOGLOBIN

  • result from genetic mutations of chains
50
Q

what is THALASSEMIAS

A

conditions caused bu a QUANTITATIVE ABNORMALITY in GLOBIN CHAIN in HAEMOGLOBIN
(ie reduced or no protein production)

51
Q

what are ANEAMIAS

A

REDUCTION in the NUMBER of ERYTHROCYTES meaning reduced O2 TRANSPORT

52
Q

what is SICKLE CELL DISEASE

A

ABNORMAL, CRESCENT MOON SHAPED RED BLOOD CELLS due to defective haemoglobin

due to MUTATIONS of the BETA-GLOBIN CHAIN on Chr. 11, HAEMOGLOBIN S forms
- Glutamic acid is replaced by Valine

SICKLE CELLS DIE EARLY, causing SHORTAGE of RBCs

SICK CELLS may get STUCK and BLOCK SMALL BLOOD VESSELS causing pain, poor o2 transport, ischaemia

Cardiovascular (16 decks)

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