Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular > 3. Physiology I - Fluid Regulation and Perfusion system > Flashcards

3. Physiology I - Fluid Regulation and Perfusion system Flashcards

1
Q

3 Parts of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A
  • HEART (PUMP) at centre
  • BLOOD VESSELS
  • FLUID (blood and body fluids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 FUNCTIONS of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A
  • CIRCULATE BLOOD to CELLS and TISSUES
  • DELIVERY O2 and NUTRIENTS
  • CARRY AWAY METABOLIC WASTE products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

as HEART CONTRACTS how does DEOXYGENATED BLOOD travel to the LUNGS for oxygenation (PULMONARY CIRCUIT)

A

through PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE to the PULMONARY TRUNK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is OXYGENATED BLOOD returned to the HEART from the LUNGS (pulmonary circuit)

A

through 4 PULMONARY VEINS to the Left Atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT how does OXYGENATED BLOOD leave the HEART as it CONTRACTS (SYSTOLE)

A

through the AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE to the AORTA

though branching arteries and arterioles to capillaries (at tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD goes from CAPILLARIES to…

A

VENULES and to VEINS
(to VENA CAVA back to right atrium of heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how much of BLOOD FLOW goes to the LUNGS

A

100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

besides lungs, which major ORGAN receives the MOST BLOOD FLOW and at what %

A

KIDNEYS - 22%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how much of BLOOD FLOWS to the BRAIN

A

14%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

21% of BLOOD FLOW goes to the…

A

GI SYSTEM and SPLEEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which BLOOD VESSEL has the SMALLEST LUMEN DIAMETER and THINNEST WALLS

A

CAPILLARY

  • 5μm lumen diameter
  • 1μm wall thickness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

LUMEN DIAMETER of CAPILLARY

A

5μm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

WALL THICKNESS of CAPILLARY

A

1μm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

besides capillary, what also have THIN WALLS

A

VENULES - 2μm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why is FLUID BALANCE ESSENTIAL

A

to ensure sufficient and efficient MOVEMENT of ELECTROLYTES, NUTRIENTS, GASES through the body’s cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what can happen when FLUID LEVELS are NOT BALANCED

A

DEHYDRATION or HYPERHYDRATION
(affect BP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does DEHYDRATION (EXCESSIVE LOSS of BODY FLUID) affect BLOOD TONICITY, VOLUME and BLOOD PRESSURE

A
  • as INCREASES BLOOD TONICITY (conc. substances in blood)
  • DECREASES BLOOD VOLUME

therefore DECREASES BLOOD PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does HYPERHYDRATION (GAIN in BODY FLUID) affect BLOOD TONICITY, VOLUME and BLOOD PRESSURE

A
  • DECREASES BLOOD TONICITY
  • INCREASES BLOOD VOLUME

therefore INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CHANGE in blood TONICITY (conc. solutes) and VOLUME is DETECTED By…

A
  • KIDNEYS
  • OSMORECEPTORS in the HYPOTHALAMUS
    (detect changes in dilution of blood - osmolarity - and regulate secretion of ADH from pituitary)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PLASMA makes up how much of BLOOD

A

60%

  • WATER, SALTS, PLASMA PROTEINS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

40% of BLOOD consists of

A

CELLS
- ERYTHROCYTES, LEUKOCYTES, PLATELETS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are found in the WALLS of ARTERIES and VEINS

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE (thicker in artery) and ELASTIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how are CAPILLARY WALLS

A

1 CELL THICK

  • INTERLOCKING CELLS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Materials LEAVE CAPILLARIES by which 3 MECHANISMS

A
  • DIFFUSION
  • HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
  • PINOCYTOSIS (the cell membrane folds and creates small pockets and captures the cellular fluid and dissolved substances)
25
Q

WHERE in the body has CAPILLARIES with CONTINUOUS WALLS - continuous endothelial lining and basement membrane

A

in BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER,
DERMIS (SKIN),
HEART

26
Q

CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES are supported by..

A

PERICYTES
- wrap around the single layer of endothelial cells)

27
Q

CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES have structures for controlling… across the wall

A

PERMEABILITY

28
Q

where are FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES found

A

KIDNEYS

29
Q

what do FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES allow

A

more efficient FLUID EXCHANGE as they are
10x MORE PERMEABLE

30
Q

where might you find DICONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES

A

LIVER, SPLEEN, BONE MARROW

31
Q

what do DISCONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES allow

A

BLOOD CELL TRANSFER

32
Q

VASCULAR system possesses different MECHANISMS for PROMOTING CONTINUOUS FLOW of BLOOD to the CAPILLARIES
these are:

A
  • ELASTIC RECOIL
  • SMOOTH MUSCLE REGULATION of DIAMETER of vessels
  • SPHINCTERS/VALVES to allow flow in 1 direction
33
Q

where is MOST of the BLOOD sitting (act as Blood Resevoir)

A

VEINS and VENULES of the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

  • thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue
34
Q

PERFUSION is the…

A

CIRCULATION of BLOOD within an ORGAN or TISSUE to MEET the CELL’S NEEDS for OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS, WASTE REMOVAL

all organs dependent on adequate perfusion to function properly
(otherwise can die)

35
Q

CAPILLARY WALLS are IMPERMEABLE TO:
(don’t allow to pass out)

A

PROTEINS and BLOOD CELLS

(permeable to gases, ions, water, nutrients, vitamins, hormones)

36
Q

what do CAPILLARY WALLS have that help PERFUSION (blood moving out)

A
  • INTERCELLULAR CLEFTS / SLITS
  • FENESTRATIONS (with PORES)

also have small diameter, and 1 cell thick lining

37
Q

2 MECHANISMS of CAPILLARY EXCHANGE

A
  • SIMPLE DIFFUSION down conc. gradient
  • FILTRATION from plasma out / ABSORPTION back into plasma
38
Q

FILTRATION and REABSORPTION at CAPILLARY is DETERMINED by which PRESSURES

A
  • Capillary HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (CHP)
    pressure exerted by the blood against the capillary wall, which drives fluid OUT
  • BLOOD COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE (BCOP)
    pressure created by the conc. of Colloidal Proteins in the blood
39
Q

NET FILTRATION PRESSURE (NFP) =

A

CHP - BCOP

capillary hydrostatic pressure - blood colloidal osmotic pressure

40
Q

how are PRESSURES during FILTRATION at the ARTERIAL END (Fluid OUT of capillary)

A

CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE > BLOOD COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE

CHP (35) GREATER than BCOP (25)

NFP = +10 mm Hg

41
Q

how are PRESSURES during REABSORPTION at the VENOUS END (Fluid BACK INTO capillary)

A

CHP < BCOP

capillary hydrostatic pressure (18) is LESS than Blood colloidal osmotic pressure (25)

NFP = -7 mm Hg

42
Q

NFP at ARTERIAL END

A

+10 mm Hg

43
Q

NFP at VENOUS END

A

-7 mm Hg

44
Q

NFP MID CAPILLARY

A

0 mm Hg

(CHP = BCOP)

45
Q

FUNCTIONS of LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (lymphatic capillaries)

A
  • DRAIN EXCESS FLUID FROM TISSUES (as more fluid filtered out than reabsorbed)
  • TRANSPORT CLEAN FLUIDS BACK INTO BLOOD
  • REMOVES ‘DEBRIS’ from CELLS (immune function)
  • TRANSPORTS FATS from DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (chylomicrons)
46
Q

what is necessary in MAINTAINING ADEQUATE PERFUSION

A

BLOOD VOLUME

47
Q

what happens when a TISSUE LOSES its BLOOD SUPPLY

A

ISCHEMIA which may lead to tissue death, INFARCT after some time

48
Q

which SYSTEM is responsible for REGULATING BLOOD VOLUME

A

RENAL system: RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ANGIOTENSINOGEN SYSTEM (RAAS)

(aka renin-angiotensin system, RAS)

49
Q

what does KIDNEY do if BLOOD VOLUME is LOW

A

MORE REABSORPTION

50
Q

what does KIDNEY do if BLOOD VOLUME is LOW

A

MORE REABSORPTION of filtrate

51
Q

when is RENIN RELEASED from the JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS

A

when there is a DROP in BLOOD PRESSURE
and DROP in FLUID VOLUME

  • sensed by MACULA DENSA cells
52
Q

how do we get ANGIOTENSIN I in RAAS

A

RENIN CLEAVES ANGIOTENSINOGEN from liver

53
Q

MACULA DENSE CELLS SENSE…

A

NaCl CONC. and FLOW

  • decreased NaCl or flow causes release renin
54
Q

ANGIOTENSIN II acts on which RECEPTORS

A

AT1 RECEPTORS (G-protein coupled)

55
Q

ACTIONS of ANGIOTENSIN II

A
  • VASOCONSTRICTION of blood vessels to increase vascular resistance and INCREASE BP
  • stimulates RELEASE ALDOSTERONE from ADRENAL CORTEX which acts on KIDENYS to INCREASE Na+ and H2O RETENTION/REABSORPTION (INCREASE blood VOLUME and BP)
  • stimulates release of VASOPRESSIN / ADH from posterior PITUITARY which acts on KIDNEYS to INCREASE REABSORPTION / RETENTION of H2O (INCREASE blood VOLUME and BP)
  • stimulates NORADRENALINE RELEASE and INHIBITS UPTAKE from nerve endings, enhancing SYMPATHETIC ADRENERGIC FUNCTION
  • stimulates CARDIAC and VASCULAR HYPERTROPHY (muscle growth in vascular system over time)
56
Q

ANGIOTENSIN II stimulates the RELEASE of which HORMONES

A
  • ALDOSTERONE (adrenal cortex)
  • ADH / VASOPRESSIN (posterior pituitary)
  • NORADRENALINE (adrenal medulla)
57
Q

what BINDS to G-PROTEIN COUPLES RECEPTORS

A

ANGIOTENSIN II (AT1 RECEPTORS)

58
Q

ANGIOTENSIN II stimulates … and … HYPERTROPHY

A

CARDIAC and VASCULAR

Cardiovascular (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions