8 Flashcards
One important result of contact between First Nations and Europeans was the emergence of the _____.
Métis
The Métis population grew quickly, spreading across the land. By the mid-_____, it was in Red River, Manitoba, however, that the largest number of Métis lived.
1800s
where did the metis live?
in the red river valley.
what nations are the metis made of?
first nations, and European
• Country Born Métis.
The Country Born were the children of First Nations women and British traders from the Hudson’s Bay
Company. Like their fathers, the Country
when did the Roman Catholic missionaries begin arriving?
They
began arriving in the West in 1818. The
missionaries built churches and schools.
These became the centres of Francophone
Canadiens.
They lived in St. Boniface.
The Métis from Red River were terrible buffalo hunters? TRUE OR FALSE?
false.
They mixed the shredded meat with fat and
berries to create a food called ________.
pemmican.
In the early 1800s, a Scottish nobleman
named ____ _______ bought a huge
piece of land from the _______ ___ _______. It was located where the ___ and ___________ ______ meet in present-day Manitoba.
Lord Selkirk, Hudson’s Bay Company, Red and Assiniboine Rivers
Lord Selkirk brought dozens of families to the land from the Highlands of Scotland, where they were
being forced off their farms to make room for _____ ________.
sheep pastures.
The Métis had no ______ _______ to say they
owned the land they had been farming for
more than 100 years.
legal papers
The governor of the colony worried that his colonists would starve if too much buffalo meat left the colony. So, in ____, he banned the Métis from exporting any meat, fish, or vegetables from Red River. This order was known as the ________ ____________.
1814, Pemmican Proclamation.
The tensions between the remaining Scottish colonists and the Métis remained high. In June ____, a group of Métis led by ________ _____ was passing by Fort Douglas. The fort was the headquarters of the colony.
1816, Cuthbert Grant
The two sides faced each other near a
______ __ ___ ______ beside the Red River.
Angry words were exchanged. Suddenly, a
shot rang out! Fierce fighting followed, and
within a few minutes a Métis and __
colonists lay dead.
grove of oak trees, 21
What was the earliest Francophone
communities in Western Canada.
Catholic missionaries who ran churches and schools
what did the Red River Métis livelihood
depend on?
Their livelihood
depended on being able to farm,
trap animals, and hunt buffalo
in this vast territory.
By the ____s, the Red River Colony was connected by a steamboat route to Minnesota in the United States.
1860
How much did Canada spend on buying Rupert land?
Canada purchased the territory from the HBC for $1.5 million.
What were 4 reasons the Metis were scared the Canadians were going to do to them?
• Would there be a role for Métis and First Nations in the new government? • Would the Red River Métis be able to keep their French language and Catholic religion? • Would they be able to keep their farms and way of life? • Would English-speaking Protestants from the East overwhelm them?
Who was Thomas Scott?
He was apart of the “Canada Party,” and was sent to jail for threatening the Metis with arms. then in prison threatened to kill Riel, and said terrible things to the Metis. He was put on trial and was put in front of a firing squad. He did not survive
What was the anglaphones perspective on Scott death
WE WANT REVENGE!!
The Francophone Perspective on Scotts death?
The Canadiens in Québec reacted differently. The Red River Métis were mainly Francophone Roman Catholics. (Remember, for example, that Louis Riel was a Francophone who had been educated to be a priest.) Because of this, many Canadiens saw the Métis as defenders of the Francophone Catholic way of life in the West. The Canadiens took up the cause of the Métis as their own and demanded that they be given their rights. The conflict between the Francophone Métis and English-speaking colonists in the West revived the old anger between the English-speaking Protestants in Ontario and the French-speaking Roman Catholics in Québec. The situation at Red River threatened to become a national crisis.
who was the prime minister?
John A. Macdonald
what was the Manitoba Act
The Manitoba Act created Canada’s fifth province. Some of the important terms of the Act were the following: • Manitoba would have its own provincial government.
• Both French and English would be used in the government and courts. • The province would be able to send four elected members to the House of Commons in Ottawa and two members to the Senate. • There would be two publicly funded school systems, one for Protestants and one for Catholics. (It would be similar to the school system in Québec, which was meant to meet the needs of both the French-speaking Catholic majority and the English-speaking Protestant minority.) • An area of land (560 000 hectares) would be set aside for the Métis to use. • The natural resources of the new province would remain under the control of the federal government. (This meant that unclaimed land, for example, belonged to Ottawa.)
At the same time as he discussed _____,
terms, the prime minister sent ____ soldiers
to Red River.
Métis, 1200
what did the government say the soldiers were meant for?
The government said that the soldiers were meant to keep the peace in the new province. Their job was also to defend the territory in case the United States tried to claim it.
The government said that the soldiers were meant
to keep the peace in the new province. Their job was also to defend the territory in case the United States tried to claim it. But many of the soldiers were _______ __________ who thought their job was to punish the _____ and capture Louis Riel. “I should like to hang him from the highest tree,” said the commander of the troops.
Ontario volunteers, Métis
The creation of the province of ________ did not solve all the concerns of the _____ and First Nations.
There were still disagreements over land ownership.
Manitoba, Métis
Also, the Métis’ fears of __________ grew as
more and more newcomers flooded into the area.
assimilation
what are the Métis Concerns?
• Some Métis felt that they had been
cheated out of their land in Manitoba.
• Outside of Manitoba, land ownership was
unclear. Some of the Métis were living on
property that had also been claimed by the
Hudson’s Bay Company or the railway
company.
• Newcomers were moving into the West,
and the Métis feared losing their land and
jobs. They also feared being assimilated
into the new society that was emerging.
• The buffalo were disappearing due to over-
hunting. The livelihoods of many Métis
were disappearing along with them.
• The federal government was ignoring their
problems. The Métis sent 15 petitions to
Ottawa that were not answered.
what are the First Nations Concerns?
• The government had not kept some of the
promises it had made to provide food
rations and farming equipment.
• The buffalo were disappearing due to over-
hunting by outsiders.
• Some First Nations people were starving,
in part because the government restricted
their movements. This made it difficult for
them to hunt and find food. The
government owed them food rations as
repayment, but none were given.
• With the arrival of so many newcomers,
they worried that they would not be able to
hold on to what little land was left to them.
• Some First Nations leaders wanted a large
territory where their people could live
together. The government, however, forced
the people to live on small reserves
separate from each other.
Government officials working in the area
that would one day become ____________.
Saskatchewan
Why were the Metis impatient? and Angry?
The Métis were angry and impatient that the government was not doing anything about their complaints. They wanted Riel to be their voice.
After three days of fighting, the ___ to
___ Métis and their Cree and Dakota allies
surrendered. The resistance was over. A
total of 53 soldiers from Ontario died in the
fighting, and 118 were injured. Thirty-five
First Nations and Métis people were killed.
200, 300
Why was Louis Riel hanged?
He started the resistance.
