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FOM Quiz 1 > 8-27 Cell Biology > Flashcards

8-27 Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

;what are the basics of an action potential

A

gatedd ion chanels

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2
Q

hat is one of the requirement of the AP?

A

that it reaches a threshold potentaial

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3
Q

what is an refractory period

A

the period that it taes for the sodiums channels o ractiad after they deacivated

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4
Q

what if there was no calcim channel in the heart muscles cells

A

the action potental would look like the nerve acton potential an itawould not have that long action potential duation

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5
Q

what is one of the n diereces for sletal nd caraca cells n ho the are ctited?

A

the heart cells are electrically conneced through gap junctions at thentercalated disk and seletal cells re not connectted

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6
Q

describe action potential propagaton

A

the cell s deplored o h threshold h allows the sodium channel open and depolarize and fre an AP, and then a local current flows and this will then depolarize the surrounding tissue or cell, then the AP propergates

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7
Q

how is AP dfferen from a wire conducing eleccity

A

the cell is no very conducve and t mut propigate he wave of poteal

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8
Q

what would be the reslt of a sodium channel blocker

A

local anesthetic

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9
Q

how is the spacial properggationn of AP different in skeletal and cardac cells

A

the cardiac cell propagates in three demensions and the nerve only propagaes down the axon of the nerve

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10
Q

what are some conditions that decresadw tha action potenal

A

inactivate sodium channels; application of local anesthetics like lidocaine that block the sodium channels; close the gap junctions. decreases cell diameter. this increases the resistance

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11
Q

what happens durring hypercholemia

A

this is the sodium high condition. this will depolarize the cell and inactivates the sodium channels and then you will get a week contraction or no contraction.

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12
Q

how do AP cause contraction:

A

in the skeletal: The AP will travel down the t-tubules and thei will cause the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release the calcum that will then cause the conltraction

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13
Q

what is the general cycle ofexcitation-contraction coupling

A

AP leads to calcum rise and this leads to force

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14
Q

describe calcium induded calcium rrelease

A

a little bit of callcim comesin the ca channel and hs activates RyR and opens the SR that will release ca and this will cause contraction. SERCA will aactely pump the ca back in. and na\ca atpase will pump ca out and ca pump also pump it out.

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15
Q

what would happen to the rate or relaxation if SERCA is blocked

A

slow the contraction relaxation rate down.

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16
Q

what if you releases more or less ca from the T-tubules:

A

you will get a stronger contraction

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17
Q

how do you get a stronger contraction in cardioac and skeletal

A

more ca release due to epinephrin and neuraepinephrin and in skeletal it is thourgh recruitment of more cell contraction fibers.

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18
Q

what hapens if you block the ca current in cardiac celss

A

then you awill shorteN THE AP and you will not hget a contractionl in the cell

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19
Q

how is the skeletal muscle contraction different

A

the channel from the tubule physically blocks the calcium channel from THE SR. and there are no ca pumps out of the cells

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20
Q

what if he neuron to a muscl is cut

A

no contraction! there is only one connction per mcle

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21
Q

what is achemical synapse and what is the cardiac comparison

A

the neurons individual onctacdt the muslce cells and pass acetylcholine to the mucle cell and tat binds to ligand gated channel that oppens and allows sodium to enter and depolarizes an then the sodium ion channels open nd properate the AP. in hear use gap junction

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22
Q

How to remmovet the atecholine from the synapse

A

acetylcholeneestterae eats the signal

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23
Q

what is an EPP in a skeletal muscle cell

A

this is the end plate potentail that will be caused by release of the acytelcholine in the cell

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24
Q

what will epinephrin and noreepinepherin do to the skeletal muscle cell contration

A

nothing

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25
Q

what if block ca input in a skeletal cell ie remove all extracellular ca

A

then nothing hapens

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26
Q

take extra cellular calcium away from cardiac muscle?

A

then the contraction stops!!

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27
Q

what is the muscle A band

A

the region of myson fiber in the muscle this includes the region of myson and actin overlap

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28
Q

what is the muslce H band

A

the region of just myson fibers

29
Q

what is the muscle Z band

A

this is the actin fibers connections

30
Q

what is the muscle I band

A

area of just actin fibers

31
Q

Howdoes ath muscle fber contract

A

the myelin fiber cross bridges bind to the actin filaments and rachets and repeats

32
Q

what is the function of tropomyosin

A

to cover the myson binding site of atin

33
Q

what is troponin

A

the molecules that bind to ca and cause the tropomyosin to moveand allow actin to bind myosin

34
Q

what is a isometric contraction

A

isometric means that there is constant length of the muscle while tension builds

35
Q

what is a isotonic contraction

A

when the muscle moves when tension builds

36
Q

what does a length tension curve tell us for isometric contraction

A

initially the tension will incraese as length until a certain point and then the passive tension builds and then the a isometric tension will decrease

37
Q

why do we see a drop in tension as the muscle is stretched

A

the actin and myosin fibers would not overlap

38
Q

why is the muscle stretched a lidttle by the tendons

A

to optmize the actin nad myosnn fiber overlap and increase tension

39
Q

what happens to heart muslce tension as muslce length increases

A

the tension continues to increase! this is because the cardiac muscle operates on the ascending curve of the length and tension curve.

40
Q

how does the amount of blood int hte heart afect the tension

A

the muscle will be stretched and the tension of the muscle will go up and a more vigorous contraction

41
Q

how are velocity of contraction and ljoad related

A

higher load and slower velocity

42
Q

describe the advantage of the skeletal muslc lever system

A

has to lift more load but through a much shorter distance

43
Q

what is summation in skelletal cell?

A

the frequency of the AP leads to increased contraction tension

44
Q

what is tetonic contraction

A

the AP are so close together that you get continuos tension

45
Q

what are two ways to increase tension in skeletal muscle

A

summation and recruitment

46
Q

how to increase tension in cardiac

A

epinepherin neuroepinephrn and stretching the muscles out with more blood in ventricle

47
Q

where does all the exchange take place in the blood system

A

the cappillary

48
Q

what causes the arterioles to contract

A

sypathetic nerve endings and norepinephrine

49
Q

tranport accrossthe cappilary wlls

A

diffusion f water lipid solble substances like the oxygen and co2 and endocytosis for small vescles of water. then some space between cells for water etc.

50
Q

how are the cappily dfferent int the brain

A

very tight, must have medted transport for glucse etc

51
Q

how does the capilary bed relate to metabolic rate

A

directly related

52
Q

why so many capillaries in the skn

A

temp control

53
Q

what does the lymph system do

A

blind endedd tubes what cary interstitual fluid and leaked protiens and othter dranage bac ot the venous sde of the circuaton

54
Q

where is all the blood in the body

A

in the venules ad veins

55
Q

what moves water in and out of the capillary

A

starling pressure

56
Q

what is starling pressure

A

the sum of the hydrostatic presure and the osmotic pressure

57
Q

what drives water into the cappilaries

A

osmotic force

58
Q

what drives the water out of the capilaries

A

the hydrostatic force

59
Q

what filtration and ultrafiltradtion

A

filtration is water out of thecapillary

60
Q

where does the filtration water go

A

to the lymphatic system or reabsorbed due to osmotic forces

61
Q

how does the hydrostatic pressure change accross the capilaries

A

drops as we move to the venous system

62
Q

why would water move back into the cappilaries as we approach the venoussystem

A

the hydrostatic curve drops andthe ossmotic pressure doesn;t so the water back in

63
Q

what if theres a little blood loss

A

then the hydrostatic pressure down and then the osmotic pressure is the same and sends water back into capillary

64
Q

what if blick th lymphatic system by parasites or worms

A

then the water not reabsorbed into the body and severe edema and elephantasis

65
Q

what if severe prtein deficiency how is fluid balance

A

decrease the osmotic pressure and water will then stay in the interstitual tissue and not go back to the circulatory

66
Q

what if severe burn wounds

A

increase the protein concentration in the intersttual fluid and then they hydrostatic force sends more fluid into the space and blisters and edema

67
Q

what is edema

A

a build up of fluid in the interstitial space

68
Q

what if elevate the venous blood pressure (back pressure) due heart failure or blood clots

A

venous pressure goes up and then overcome the osmotic pressure and edima occurs and can see pittin edema etc.

FOM Quiz 1 (17 decks)

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