8-2. Movements and Joint Disorders

Question 1

What are the three general types of movement?

Answer 1

gliding, angular and rotation

Question 2

gliding movements

Answer 2

simplest joint movement; one flat bone surface slips or glides over another

(eg. intercarpal joints (“queen wave”), intertarsal joints)

Question 3

angular movement

Answer 3

increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones

Question 4

flexion

Answer 4

bending - bring bones closer together

Question 5

extension

Answer 5

straightening - bring bones further apart

Question 6

hyperextension

Answer 6

bend backwards, >180 degrees

Question 7

dorsiflexion

Answer 7

pull toes up

Question 8

plantar flexion

Answer 8

point toes down

Question 9

abduction

Answer 9

move a limb away from midline or spread digits apart

Question 10

adduction

Answer 10

move a limb towards the midline or bring digits together

Question 11

circumduction

Answer 11

hold proximal end of the limb stationary, move distal end in a circle

Question 12

rotation

Answer 12

turning a bone around its own long axis, may be lateral (out) or medial (in)

(eg. turning head side to side)

Question 13

supination

Answer 13

turn palms up (face palms anteriorally)

Question 14

pronation

Answer 14

turn palms down (face palms dorsally)

Question 15

inversion

Answer 15

turn sole medially (inward)

Question 16

eversion

Answer 16

turn sole laterally (outward)

Question 17

sprains

Answer 17

the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn, painful and immobilizing

Question 18

What are common sites for a sprain?

Answer 18

ankle, knee and lumbar spine

Question 19

What is the treatment for a slight sprain?

Answer 19

RICE

Question 20

What is the treatment for a partial tear?

Answer 20

can repair itself, but slowly because poorly vascularized

Question 21

What is the treatment for a complete tear?

Answer 21

need prompt surgical repair - if too damaged, must replace with graft

Question 22

cartilage injuries

Answer 22

most involve tearing of the knee meniscus - cartilage is avascular, so rarely repairs itself. Torn pieces may cause joint to lock, so damaged part often removed arthroscopically

Question 23

dislocation/luxation

Answer 23

occurs when bones are forced out of alignment

Question 24

subluxation

Answer 24

partial dislocation of a joint

Question 25

What are the most common joints to be dislocated?

Answer 25

fingers, shoulders, jaw

Question 26

like fractures, dislocations must be ___.

Answer 26

reduced (returned to proper position)

Question 27

bursitis

Answer 27

inflammation of a bursa caused by a blow or friction. Prolonged learning on elbows may damage bursae near olecranon process - “student’s elbow”

Question 28

What are the symptoms and treatments for bursitis?

Answer 28

symptoms: pain and swelling
treatment: rest, ice, anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 29

tendonitis

Answer 29

inflammation of tendon sheaths, caused by overuse. eg. “tennis elblow”

Question 30

What are the symtoms and treatments for tendonitis?

Answer 30

symptoms: pain and swelling
treatment: rest, ice, anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 31

arthritis

Answer 31

over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative disease that damage the joints. Most widespread crippling disease in USA. Acute forms usually caused by bacteria and treated with antibiotics

Question 32

What are the three chronic forms of arthritis?

Answer 32

osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gouty arthritis

Question 33

osteoarthritis

Answer 33

most common form, related to the normal aging process. badly aligned or overworked joints are likely to develop OA

Question 34

crepitus

Answer 34

joints affected by osteoarthritis may make a crunching noise

Question 35

What joints are most commonly affected by osteoarthritis?

Answer 35

cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, hips

Question 36

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 36

an autoimmune disorder - WBCs migrate into joint cavity and release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues. inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus that erodes cartilage

Joints affected bilaterally, marked by flare ups and permissions

Question 37

ankylosis

Answer 37

scar tissue formed in RA and connects bone ends - as this tissue ossifies, bone ends fuse together

Question 38

gouty arthritis

Answer 38

when uric acid blood levels are high, forms needle like crystals in teh joints creating painful inflammation. Initial attach affects 1 joint, often base of big toe. Patients are advised to drink lots of water but avoid alcohol and organ meats.