8-2. Movements and Joint Disorders Flashcards
What are the three general types of movement?
gliding, angular and rotation
gliding movements
simplest joint movement; one flat bone surface slips or glides over another
(eg. intercarpal joints (“queen wave”), intertarsal joints)
angular movement
increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones
flexion
bending - bring bones closer together
extension
straightening - bring bones further apart
hyperextension
bend backwards, >180 degrees
dorsiflexion
pull toes up
plantar flexion
point toes down
abduction
move a limb away from midline or spread digits apart
adduction
move a limb towards the midline or bring digits together
circumduction
hold proximal end of the limb stationary, move distal end in a circle
rotation
turning a bone around its own long axis, may be lateral (out) or medial (in)
(eg. turning head side to side)
supination
turn palms up (face palms anteriorally)
pronation
turn palms down (face palms dorsally)
inversion
turn sole medially (inward)
eversion
turn sole laterally (outward)
sprains
the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn, painful and immobilizing
What are common sites for a sprain?
ankle, knee and lumbar spine
What is the treatment for a slight sprain?
RICE
What is the treatment for a partial tear?
can repair itself, but slowly because poorly vascularized
What is the treatment for a complete tear?
need prompt surgical repair - if too damaged, must replace with graft
cartilage injuries
most involve tearing of the knee meniscus - cartilage is avascular, so rarely repairs itself. Torn pieces may cause joint to lock, so damaged part often removed arthroscopically
dislocation/luxation
occurs when bones are forced out of alignment
subluxation
partial dislocation of a joint
What are the most common joints to be dislocated?
fingers, shoulders, jaw
like fractures, dislocations must be ___.
reduced (returned to proper position)
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa caused by a blow or friction. Prolonged learning on elbows may damage bursae near olecranon process - “student’s elbow”
What are the symptoms and treatments for bursitis?
symptoms: pain and swelling
treatment: rest, ice, anti-inflammatory drugs
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheaths, caused by overuse. eg. “tennis elblow”
What are the symtoms and treatments for tendonitis?
symptoms: pain and swelling
treatment: rest, ice, anti-inflammatory drugs
arthritis
over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative disease that damage the joints. Most widespread crippling disease in USA. Acute forms usually caused by bacteria and treated with antibiotics
What are the three chronic forms of arthritis?
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gouty arthritis
osteoarthritis
most common form, related to the normal aging process. badly aligned or overworked joints are likely to develop OA
crepitus
joints affected by osteoarthritis may make a crunching noise
What joints are most commonly affected by osteoarthritis?
cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, hips
rheumatoid arthritis
an autoimmune disorder - WBCs migrate into joint cavity and release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues. inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus that erodes cartilage
Joints affected bilaterally, marked by flare ups and permissions
ankylosis
scar tissue formed in RA and connects bone ends - as this tissue ossifies, bone ends fuse together
gouty arthritis
when uric acid blood levels are high, forms needle like crystals in teh joints creating painful inflammation. Initial attach affects 1 joint, often base of big toe. Patients are advised to drink lots of water but avoid alcohol and organ meats.
