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A&P 1 - Unit 2 > 8-1. Classification of Joints > Flashcards

8-1. Classification of Joints Flashcards

1
Q

articulations

A

sites where two or more bones come together; give the skeleton mobility and hold it together

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2
Q

What are the classifications of joints?

A

functional - based on degree of movement

structural - based on material binding bones together

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3
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints?

A

synarthrosis (immovable)
amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
diarthrosis (freely moveable)

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4
Q

synarthrosis

A

an immovable joint. eg. cranial sutures

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5
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

a slightly movable joint. eg. intervertebral discs

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6
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely movable joints. eg. shoulder

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7
Q

What are the structural classifications of joints?

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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8
Q

fibrous joints

A

bones joined together by fibrous tissue, held together tightly. No joint cavity present. Functionally, most are synarthrotic

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9
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures
syndesmosis
gomphosis

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10
Q

sutures

A

seams between skull bones; bind bones tightly together yet allow them to grow at edges during youth. By middle age, fibrous tissue ossifies and skull bones fuse into a unit

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11
Q

syndesmosis

A

bones connected by ligament; amount of movement depends on length of connecting fibers.

(eg. ligament connecting tibia and fibula is short (synarthrosis); one connecting radius and ulna permits rotation (amphiarthrosis))

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12
Q

gomphosis

A

peg-in-socket fibrous joint where tooth sits in bony alveolar socket; held by periodontal ligament (synarthrosis)

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13
Q

cartilaginous

A

bones held together by cartilage, no joint cavity present

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14
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

synchondroses

sympheses

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15
Q

synchondroses

A

bar of hyaline cartilage unites bones (synarthrosis)

eg. epiphyseal plate, joint between first rib and sternum

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16
Q

symphyses

A

articulating bones fused to pad of fibrocartilage that acts as shock absorber and permits limited movement (amphiarthrosis)

(eg. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis)

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17
Q

synovial joints

A

bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity; all are diarthroses

18
Q

What are the five distinguishing features of synovial joints?

A
  1. articular cartilage (smooth hyaline cartilage covers bone surfaces at joints)
  2. joint (synovial) cavity (space between bones; contains small amount of synovial fluid)
  3. articular capsule (joint cavity enclosed by 2 layered capsule; outer fibrous capsule and inner layer is a synovial membrane)
  4. synovial fluid (small amount of slippery fluid within joint capsule that lubricates and reduces friction between cartilages)
  5. reinforcing ligaments (joints reinforced and strengthened by a number of band-like ligaments)
19
Q

What are some other features that some synovial joints have?

A

menisci
bursa
tendon sheath

20
Q

menisci

A

discs of fibrocartilage separating the articular surfaces of some synovial joints (knee, jaw). make joint more stable and minimize wear and tear

21
Q

bursa

A

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of lubricating synovial fluid. common where tendons, ligaments, muscles or bones rub together

22
Q

tendon sheath

A

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction

23
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A 
plane joint
hinge joint
pivot joint
condyloid joint
saddle joint
ball and socket joint
24
Q

plane joint

A

flat articular surfaces allow short gliding motions (eg. intercarpal, intertarsal)

25
Q

hinge joint

A

cylindrical projection of 1 bone fits into trough of other; allows only flexion/extension

(eg. elbow (btwn radius and ulna), btwn flanges)

26
Q

pivot joint

A

rounded end of 1 bone protrudes into ring of bone/ligament on another; only allows rotation of 1 bone around axis

(eg. dens, radius and ulna)

27
Q

condalyoid joint

A

oval surface of 1 bone fits into matching depression on other; permits all angular motions

(eg. knckle, wrist, atlas and occipital condyles)

28
Q

saddle joint

A

saddle-shaped articular surfaces fit together, concave to convex, allow greater freedom of movement

(eg. base of thumb (1st CMC joint - carpal to metacarpal)

29
Q

ball and socket joint

A

spherical head of 1 bone fits into cuplike socket of other; universal movement is allowed

(eg. shoulders, hips)

30
Q

Which joint is the largest and most complex in the body?

A

the knee joint - allows extension, flexion and some rotation

31
Q

Which joint is the most movable?

A

the shoulder joint - ball and socket joint that has sacrificed some stability to be the most freely movable

32
Q

femoropatellar joint

A

a plane joint that allows the patella to glide across the distal end of the femur during knee movements

33
Q

tibiofemoral joint

A

between the femoral condyles above and the C-shaped menisci of tibia below. It acts primarily as a hinge but allows some rotation when the knee is partially flexed

34
Q

What is unique about the knee joint?

A

joint cavity is only partially enclosed by capsule - anteriorly, 3 broad ligaments run from patella to tibia below

35
Q

cruciate ligaments

A

cross each other in the notch below femoral condyles and help prevent anterior-posterior displacement when we stand

36
Q

collaterol ligaments

A

prevent lateral or medial rotation when knee is extended

37
Q

The knee is heavily reinforced by ___ and ___

A

muscle tendons and at least a dozen bursae

38
Q

___ blows are most dangerous to the extended knee

A

Lateral - tear collateral ligament, medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament

39
Q

How is the shoulder joint formed?

A

large rounded head of the humerus fits into shallow glenoid cavity of scapula, slightly deepend by a rim of fibrocartilage. The articular capsule is thin and loose; the few ligaments reinforcing are on the anterior surface

40
Q

What provides stability to the shoulder joint?

A

muscle tendons crossing the shoulder - superstablizer is the tendon of the long head of the bicep brachii, securing the head of humerus against the glenoid cavity

41
Q

rotator cuff

A

made of four tendons and associated muscles, encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule

42
Q

What 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A

subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

A&P 1 - Unit 2 (11 decks)

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