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Cell and Molecular Biology > 8 > Flashcards

8 Flashcards

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1
Q

The cell does 3 main kind of work:

  1. Mechanical work- beating of ________, ____________, ____________ during cell division
A

cilia
muscular contraction
chromosome movement

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2
Q

The cell does 3 main kind of work:

  1. _______________ of substances across membranes
A

Transport work-pumping

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3
Q

The cell does 3 main kind of work:

  1. Chemical work-synthesis of ______________
A

polymers from monomers

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4
Q
  • Energy is stored in organic molecules
    – carbohydrates, fats, proteins
  • Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules ® food
    – digest organic molecules to get…
  • raw materials for synthesis
  • fuels for energy
    – controlled release of energy
    – “burning” fuels in a series of step-by-step
    enzyme-controlled reactions
A

Harvesting stored energy

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5
Q

Harvesting stored energy

Energy is stored in organic molecules

A

– carbohydrates, fats, proteins

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6
Q

Harvesting stored energy

__________ eat these organic molecules —> food
– digest organic molecules to get…

A

Heterotrophs

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7
Q

Harvesting stored energy

Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules —> food
– digest organic molecules to get…

  • raw materials for _________
  • fuels for _________
A

synthesis
energy

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8
Q

fuels for energy

– controlled release of ________
– “_________” fuels in a series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions

A

energy
burning

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9
Q

_________ is the model

A

Glucose

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10
Q

____________ of glucose to produce ATP

A

catabolism

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11
Q

making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step

A

combustion

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12
Q

making ATP (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps

A

respiration

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13
Q

Respiration reaction

A

glucose + oxygen —> energy + water + carbon dioxide

or

C6H1206+ G02 —> ATP + 6H20 + 6CO2+ Heat

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14
Q

___________ move electrons by shuttling H atoms around

A

Electron carriers

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15
Q

Electron carriers move electrons by ____________ around

A

shuttling H atoms

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16
Q

NAD+ —-> NADH (_________)

A

reduced

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17
Q

FAD+2 —> FADH2 (_________)

A

reduced

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18
Q

________ kcal/mol of ATP

A

7.3

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19
Q

§Bonds between phosphate
groups unstable and broken by
hydrolysis
§High energy phosphate bonds
– term is misleading
§Phosphate bonds in ATP
actually weak and unstable;
products of hydrolysis ( ADP
and ℗ more stable
§Release of energy during ATP
hydrolysis from a chemical
change to a more stable
condition and not from
phosphate bonds themselves

A

Features of ATP

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20
Q

Features of ATP

Bonds between phosphate groups unstable and broken by _______

A

hydrolysis

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21
Q

Features of ATP

_________ phosphate bonds
– term is misleading

A

High energy

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22
Q

Features of ATP

Phosphate bonds in ATP actually __________; products of hydrolysis (ADP and ℗ more stable

A

weak and unstable

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23
Q

Features of ATP

________ during ATP hydrolysis from a chemical change to a more stable condition and not from phosphate bonds themselves

A

Release of energy

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24
Q

Why are phosphate bonds unstable?

A
  • All three phosphate groups negatively charged
  • Like charges crowded together ; repulsion contributes to instability of bonds
  • Triphosphate tail of ATP chemical equivalent of a loaded
    spring; release/relaxation of compressed spring
    releases energy
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25
Q

Why are phosphate bonds unstable?

All three phosphate groups are ________

A

negatively charged

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26
Q

Why are phosphate bonds unstable?

Like charges crowded together ; repulsion contributes to
_____________

A

instability of bonds

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27
Q

Why are phosphate bonds unstable?

__________ of ATP chemical equivalent of a loaded spring; release/relaxation of compressed spring releases energy

A

Triphosphate tail

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28
Q

Not part of endomembrane
system though enclosed by
________

A

membrane

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29
Q

Their membrane proteins not
made by ER but _________
in cytosol and by ribosomes
inside them

A

free ribosomes

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30
Q

§ Act similar to electric power plant
§ Up to 300 to 800 per cell
§ Can replicate itself
§ Come from cytoplasm in EGG
§ You inherited your mitochondria
from your mother!

A

Mitochondria

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31
Q

Act similar to electric power plant

A

Mitochondria

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32
Q

Mitochondria

Up to ___________ per cell

A

300 to 800

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33
Q

Mitochondria

Can __________ itself

A

replicate

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34
Q

Mitochondria

Come from ________ in EGG

A

cytoplasm

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35
Q

Mitochondria

You inherited your mitochondria
from your __________!

A

mother

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36
Q

Mitochondria

Found in ___________

A

eukaryotic cells

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37
Q

Mitochondria

A __________ organelle

A

membranous

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38
Q

Mitochondria

Has its own _______ (circular) and _____

A

DNA and proteins

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39
Q

Mitochondria

Has three parts

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. inner membrane
  3. matrix
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40
Q

Mitochondria

The outer membrane is
___________ to pyruvate

A

permeable

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41
Q

Mitochondria

Same size as ________ (0.5-1.0 microns wide,up to 10 microns long)

A

bacteria

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42
Q

Mitochondria

Outer membrane is _________

A

fairly smooth

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43
Q

Mitochondria

Inner membrane is _______

A

twisted

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44
Q

Mitochondria

has membranes of

A

Cristae and Matrix

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45
Q

Mitochondria

Infoldings of inner membrane

A

Cristae

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46
Q

Mitochondria

Substance located in space formed by inner membrane

A

Matrix

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47
Q

Cristae differ in ___________ depending on the cell’s energy needs

A

length, shape and number

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48
Q

cristae go halfway across mitochondrion

A

Most cells

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49
Q

Short cristae represent _________ requirements

A

low energy

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50
Q

cristae cross all of the way

A

Muscle cells

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51
Q

Muscle cells also have _______

A

tightly packed cristae

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52
Q

More cristae represent _________ requirements

A

high energy

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53
Q

high level of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Condensed

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54
Q

low level of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Orthodox

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55
Q

More cristae represent high energy requirements

A

“configurations”

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56
Q

Most cristae are arranged in
___________

A

shelves

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57
Q

In steroid secreting cells, the
cristae are __________

A

tubular

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58
Q

shelf cristae halfway through the
organelle

A

Typical mitochondria

59
Q

Tubular or circular cristae

A

Steroid secreting cell mitochondria

60
Q

tightly packed shelf cristae crosses organelle

A

Active mitochondria

61
Q
  • Mitochondria in dendrite
  • Up to 25µm
A

Longitudinal section

62
Q
  • Are accumulations of calcium phosphate
  • Helps maintain low levels of calcium ions
    in the cytosol
A

Matrix Granules

63
Q

Matrix Granules

Are accumulations of _________

A

calcium phosphate

64
Q

Matrix Granules

Helps maintain low levels of ________ in the cytosol

A

calcium ions

65
Q

Mitochondria: Replication

Mitochondria replicate by ________ like bacterial cells

A

simple fission

66
Q

Mitochondria: Replication

Mitochondria replicate by simple fission like __________

A

bacterial cells

67
Q

Mitochondrial Occurrence

________ situated close to parts of cell that have highest energy requirements

A

Most mitochondria

68
Q

Mitochondrial Occurrence

Most mitochondria situated close to parts of cell that have ________

A

highest energy requirements

69
Q

Mitochondrial Occurrence

________ are found in cells that operate under anaerobic
conditions

A

Fewer mitochondria

70
Q

Mitochondrial Occurrence

Fewer mitochondria are found in cells that operate under _______

A

anaerobic conditions

71
Q

Mitochondrial Occurrence

Fewer mitochondria are found in cells that operate under anaerobic
conditions
- Certain __________

A

muscle and blood cells

72
Q

More mitochondria are found in cells that:

A

– have motile machinery
– sequester low pH substances
– pump large amounts of ions

73
Q

___________ have a few
while hepatocytes have about 1000

A

Small lymphocytes

74
Q

Small lymphocytes have a few
while _________ have about 1000

A

hepatocytes

75
Q

Cells marked by ________ of mitochondria

A

low numbers

76
Q

– “white fiber”
– Fast twitch
– Works under anaerobic
conditions (glycolysis)

A

Type II skeletal muscle fiber

77
Q

“white fiber”

A

Type II skeletal muscle fiber

78
Q

Type II skeletal muscle fiber
– “white fiber”
– Fast ________

A

twitch

79
Q

Type II skeletal muscle fiber
– “white fiber”
– Fast twitch
– Works under ______ (glycolysis)

A

anaerobic
conditions

80
Q

Type II skeletal muscle fiber
– “white fiber”
– Fast twitch
– Works under anaerobic
conditions (__________)

A

glycolysis

81
Q

Especially those that are
no longer dividing
– Protective function

A

Skin epithelia (stratified
squamous keratinizing
epithelia)

82
Q

stratified squamous keratinizing
epithelia

A

Skin epithelia

83
Q

Skin epithelia (stratified squamous keratinizing epithelia)

– Especially those that are
no longer __________
– Protective function

A

dividing

84
Q
  • Skin epithelia (stratified
    squamous keratinizing
    epithelia)
    – Especially those that are
    no longer dividing
    – _________________
A

Protective function

85
Q
  • Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the glycolytic
    pathway of glucose oxidation
    – Citric acid cycle less important
    – They have lysosomes, BUT……
    – Surviving anaerobically is advantageous since they can
    kill bacteria and clean debris in poorly oxygenated areas
    *Inflamed or necrotic tissue
A

Neutrophil

86
Q

Neutrophil

_______ is broken down to yield energy via the glycolytic pathway of glucose oxidation

A

Glycogen

87
Q

Neutrophil

Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the ________ of glucose oxidation

A

glycolytic pathway

88
Q

Neutrophil

Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the glycolytic
pathway of ____________

A

glucose oxidation

89
Q

Neutrophil

____________ less important

A

Citric acid cycle

90
Q

Neutrophil

They have ___________, BUT……

A

lysosomes

91
Q

Neutrophil

Surviving anaerobically is ______ since they can kill bacteria and clean debris in poorly oxygenated areas

A

advantageous

92
Q

Neutrophil

Surviving anaerobically is advantageous since they can
___________ and __________ in poorly oxygenated areas

A

kill bacteria
clean debris

93
Q

Neutrophil

Inflamed or ___________

A

necrotic tissue

94
Q

High number of mitochondria

there are three (3)

A

1) Hepatocyte
2) Skeletal Muscle
3) Cardiac Muscle

95
Q
  • A cell with just about every
    organelle in abundance
  • Very metabolically active cell
  • Detoxifies, produces bile
A

Hepatocyte

96
Q

Hepatocyte

  • A cell with just about every
    organelle in _________
A

abundance

97
Q

Hepatocyte

  • Very metabolically _________
A

active cell

98
Q

Hepatocyte

  • ___________, produces bile
A

Detoxifies

99
Q

Continuous contraction
requires a lot of ATP

A

Cardiac Muscle

100
Q

Cardiac Muscle

Continuous _________
requires a lot of ATP

A

contraction

101
Q
  • High energy
    requirement
  • Especially the “red”
    fibers
A

Skeletal Muscle

102
Q

Skeletal Muscle

__________ requirement

A

High energy

103
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Especially the _____________

A

“red” fibers

104
Q

Parietal cell of the stomach

Produces the ______ of the stomach

A

HCl

105
Q

Parietal cell of the stomach

In the _________

A

epithelia lining

106
Q

Parietal cell of the stomach

Parietal cells are indirectly targeted by ____________

A

Pepcid AC, Tagamet and Zantac

107
Q

Parietal cell of the stomach

Mitochondria are needed to
sequester the ________

A

H +

108
Q

Parietal cell of the stomach

ATP is needed to move the ___ in the cilia

A

microtubules

109
Q

Parietal cell of the stomach

ATP is needed to move the microtubules in the
___________

A

cilia

110
Q

Parietal cell of the stomach

Cilia helps move _________ along in the _________ of the ________ and the _______ in the ________

A

mucus
lumen
trachea
ovum
oviduct

111
Q
  • Vesicles contain neurotransmitters
  • Mitochondria furnish energy for
    synaptic activity
  • Flagellum has same microtubule
    arrangement as cilia
  • Requires ATP to move
  • Mitochondrial inheritance of
    defects is maternal because few,
    if any, mitochondria enter the
    ovum with the sperm head.
A

Presynaptic terminal of neuron

112
Q

Presynaptic terminal of neuron

Vesicles contain __________

A

neurotransmitters

113
Q

Presynaptic terminal of neuron

Mitochondria _________ energy for
synaptic activity

A

furnish

114
Q

Presynaptic terminal of neuron

Mitochondria furnish energy for
____________

A

synaptic activity

115
Q

Presynaptic terminal of neuron

__________ has same microtubule
arrangement as cilia

A

Flagellum

116
Q

Presynaptic terminal of neuron

Requires ________ to move

A

ATP

117
Q

Presynaptic terminal of neuron

Mitochondrial inheritance of
defects is ______ because few,
if any, mitochondria enter the
ovum with the sperm head.

A

maternal

118
Q

Presynaptic terminal of neuron

Mitochondrial inheritance of
defects is maternal because few,
if any, mitochondria enter the
ovum with the ___________

A

sperm head

119
Q
  • Kidney filtration
  • Sodium ions diffuse passively
    through apical membrane
  • Ions actively transported out of
    the cells by a
    sodium/potassium ATPase
    located in the basement
    membrane
  • These cells also provide for
    protein digestion
A

Cells of proximal convoluted
tubule

120
Q

Cells of proximal convoluted
tubule

  • Kidney filtration
  • Sodium ions diffuse _______ through apical membrane
  • Ions ________ transported out of the cells by sodium/potassium ATPase located in the basement membrane
  • These cells also provide for
    _________
A

passively
actively
protein digestion

121
Q
  • Heat production is increased in this
    tissue because mitochondria in these
    cells have a transmembrane protein
    called thermogenin in their inner
    membrane
  • Energy is dissipated by heat and
    warms blood in nearby capillaries
A

Brown adipose

122
Q

Brown adipose

Heat production is increased in this tissue because mitochondria in these cells have a transmembrane protein called __________ in their inner
membrane

A

thermogenin

123
Q

Brown adipose

Energy is ___________ by heat and
warms blood in nearby ________

A

dissipated
capillaries

124
Q
  • Mitochondria convert
    cholesterol into
    pregnenolone* which is
    converted into steroids
    in the sER
A

Cortisol secreting cell of adrenal cortex

125
Q

Cortisol secreting cell of adrenal cortex

Mitochondria convert
cholesterol into
_________* which is
converted into steroids
in the sER

A

pregnenolone

126
Q
  • The visual process requires a lot of energy
  • Protein synthesis and energy conduction
A

Rods and Cones of the Eye

127
Q

What does this tell us about the
evolution of eukaryotes?

A

Endosymbiosis!

128
Q

Advantage of highly folded inner
membrane?

A

More surface area for membranebound enzymes & permeases

129
Q

Membrane-bound proteins

A

Enzymes & permeases

130
Q

Mitochondrion: Importance

A

Without mitochondrion ATP production would cease
and the cells would not be able to function.

131
Q

The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:
1. Those that carry out the
oxidation reactions of the
respiratory chain
2. ATP synthase, which use
the H+ gradient to make
ATP
3. Specific transport
proteins that regulate the
passage of metabolites
into and out of the matrix
4. Protein import machinery

A

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

132
Q

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:

  1. Those that carry out the
    _________ of the respiratory chain
A

oxidation reactions

133
Q

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:

  1. __________, which use
    the H+ gradient to make
    ATP
A

ATP synthase

134
Q

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:

  1. ___________ that regulate the
    passage of metabolites
    into and out of the matrix
A

Specific transport
proteins

135
Q

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:

  1. ________ import machinery
A

Protein

136
Q

§ it contains enzymes. It can catalyze
ATP to create ADP.
§ symbolic enzyme: adenylate kinase.

A

intermembrane space

137
Q

intermembrane space

it contains _____. It can catalyze ATP to create ____.

A

enzymes
ADP

138
Q

intermembrane space

symbolic enzyme: __________

A

adenylate kinase

139
Q

§Enzymes are abundant in the matrix . It also contains
mitochondrial genetic system including DNA and
ribosome.
§ some reaction pathways take place in the matrix.
§ symbolic enzyme:malic acid dehydrogenase.

A

Matrix

140
Q

Matrix

Enzymes are abundant in the matrix . It also contains
__________ including DNA and
ribosome.

A

mitochondrial genetic system

141
Q

Matrix

some _________ take place in the matrix.

A

reaction pathways

142
Q

Matrix

symbolic enzyme: ____________

A

malic acid dehydrogenase.

143
Q
  • it also call ATP synthase.
  • it lies in the inner membrane.
A

elementary particle

Cell and Molecular Biology (10 decks)

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