8 Flashcards
1
Q
The cell does 3 main kind of work:
- Mechanical work- beating of ________, ____________, ____________ during cell division
A
cilia
muscular contraction
chromosome movement
2
Q
The cell does 3 main kind of work:
- _______________ of substances across membranes
A
Transport work-pumping
3
Q
The cell does 3 main kind of work:
- Chemical work-synthesis of ______________
A
polymers from monomers
4
Q
- Energy is stored in organic molecules
– carbohydrates, fats, proteins - Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules ® food
– digest organic molecules to get… - raw materials for synthesis
- fuels for energy
– controlled release of energy
– “burning” fuels in a series of step-by-step
enzyme-controlled reactions
A
Harvesting stored energy
5
Q
Harvesting stored energy
Energy is stored in organic molecules
A
– carbohydrates, fats, proteins
6
Q
Harvesting stored energy
__________ eat these organic molecules —> food
– digest organic molecules to get…
A
Heterotrophs
7
Q
Harvesting stored energy
Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules —> food
– digest organic molecules to get…
- raw materials for _________
- fuels for _________
A
synthesis
energy
8
Q
fuels for energy
– controlled release of ________
– “_________” fuels in a series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions
A
energy
burning
9
Q
_________ is the model
A
Glucose
10
Q
____________ of glucose to produce ATP
A
catabolism
11
Q
making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step
A
combustion
12
Q
making ATP (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps
A
respiration
13
Q
Respiration reaction
A
glucose + oxygen —> energy + water + carbon dioxide
or
C6H1206+ G02 —> ATP + 6H20 + 6CO2+ Heat
14
Q
___________ move electrons by shuttling H atoms around
A
Electron carriers
15
Q
Electron carriers move electrons by ____________ around
A
shuttling H atoms
16
Q
NAD+ —-> NADH (_________)
A
reduced
17
Q
FAD+2 —> FADH2 (_________)
A
reduced
18
Q
________ kcal/mol of ATP
A
7.3
19
Q
§Bonds between phosphate
groups unstable and broken by
hydrolysis
§High energy phosphate bonds
– term is misleading
§Phosphate bonds in ATP
actually weak and unstable;
products of hydrolysis ( ADP
and ℗ more stable
§Release of energy during ATP
hydrolysis from a chemical
change to a more stable
condition and not from
phosphate bonds themselves
A
Features of ATP
20
Q
Features of ATP
Bonds between phosphate groups unstable and broken by _______
A
hydrolysis
21
Q
Features of ATP
_________ phosphate bonds
– term is misleading
A
High energy
22
Q
Features of ATP
Phosphate bonds in ATP actually __________; products of hydrolysis (ADP and ℗ more stable
A
weak and unstable
23
Q
Features of ATP
________ during ATP hydrolysis from a chemical change to a more stable condition and not from phosphate bonds themselves
A
Release of energy
24
Q
Why are phosphate bonds unstable?
A
- All three phosphate groups negatively charged
- Like charges crowded together ; repulsion contributes to instability of bonds
- Triphosphate tail of ATP chemical equivalent of a loaded
spring; release/relaxation of compressed spring
releases energy
25
**Why are phosphate bonds unstable?**
All three phosphate groups are ________
negatively charged
26
**Why are phosphate bonds unstable?**
Like charges crowded together ; repulsion contributes to
_____________
instability of bonds
27
**Why are phosphate bonds unstable?**
__________ of ATP chemical equivalent of a loaded spring; release/relaxation of compressed spring releases energy
Triphosphate tail
28
Not part of endomembrane
system though enclosed by
________
membrane
29
Their membrane proteins not
made by ER but _________
in cytosol and by ribosomes
inside them
free ribosomes
30
§ Act similar to electric power plant
§ Up to 300 to 800 per cell
§ Can replicate itself
§ Come from cytoplasm in EGG
§ You inherited your mitochondria
from your mother!
Mitochondria
31
Act similar to electric power plant
Mitochondria
32
**Mitochondria**
Up to ___________ per cell
300 to 800
33
**Mitochondria**
Can __________ itself
replicate
34
**Mitochondria**
Come from ________ in EGG
cytoplasm
35
**Mitochondria**
You inherited your mitochondria
from your __________!
mother
36
**Mitochondria**
Found in ___________
eukaryotic cells
37
**Mitochondria**
A __________ organelle
membranous
38
**Mitochondria**
Has its own _______ (circular) and _____
DNA and proteins
39
**Mitochondria**
Has three parts
1. outer membrane
2. inner membrane
3. matrix
40
**Mitochondria**
The outer membrane is
___________ to pyruvate
permeable
41
**Mitochondria**
Same size as ________ (0.5-1.0 microns wide,up to 10 microns long)
bacteria
42
**Mitochondria**
Outer membrane is _________
fairly smooth
43
**Mitochondria**
Inner membrane is _______
twisted
44
**Mitochondria**
has membranes of
Cristae and Matrix
45
**Mitochondria**
Infoldings of inner membrane
Cristae
46
**Mitochondria**
Substance located in space formed by inner membrane
Matrix
47
Cristae differ in ___________ depending on the cell’s energy needs
length, shape and number
48
cristae go halfway across mitochondrion
Most cells
49
Short cristae represent _________ requirements
low energy
50
cristae cross all of the way
Muscle cells
51
Muscle cells also have _______
tightly packed cristae
52
More cristae represent _________ requirements
high energy
53
high level of oxidative phosphorylation
Condensed
54
low level of oxidative phosphorylation
Orthodox
55
More cristae represent high energy requirements
“configurations”
56
Most cristae are arranged in
___________
shelves
57
In steroid secreting cells, the
cristae are __________
tubular
58
shelf cristae halfway through the
organelle
Typical mitochondria
59
Tubular or circular cristae
Steroid secreting cell mitochondria
60
tightly packed shelf cristae crosses organelle
Active mitochondria
61
* Mitochondria in dendrite
* Up to 25µm
Longitudinal section
62
* Are accumulations of calcium phosphate
* Helps maintain low levels of calcium ions
in the cytosol
Matrix Granules
63
**Matrix Granules**
Are accumulations of _________
calcium phosphate
64
**Matrix Granules**
Helps maintain low levels of ________ in the cytosol
calcium ions
65
**Mitochondria: Replication**
Mitochondria replicate by ________ like bacterial cells
simple fission
66
**Mitochondria: Replication**
Mitochondria replicate by simple fission like __________
bacterial cells
67
**Mitochondrial Occurrence**
________ situated close to parts of cell that have highest energy requirements
Most mitochondria
68
**Mitochondrial Occurrence**
Most mitochondria situated close to parts of cell that have ________
highest energy requirements
69
**Mitochondrial Occurrence**
________ are found in cells that operate under anaerobic
conditions
Fewer mitochondria
70
**Mitochondrial Occurrence**
Fewer mitochondria are found in cells that operate under _______
anaerobic conditions
71
**Mitochondrial Occurrence**
Fewer mitochondria are found in cells that operate under anaerobic
conditions
- Certain __________
muscle and blood cells
72
More mitochondria are found in cells that:
– have motile machinery
– sequester low pH substances
– pump large amounts of ions
73
___________ have a few
while hepatocytes have about 1000
Small lymphocytes
74
Small lymphocytes have a few
while _________ have about 1000
hepatocytes
75
Cells marked by ________ of mitochondria
low numbers
76
– “white fiber”
– Fast twitch
– Works under anaerobic
conditions (glycolysis)
Type II skeletal muscle fiber
77
“white fiber”
Type II skeletal muscle fiber
78
Type II skeletal muscle fiber
– “white fiber”
– Fast ________
twitch
79
Type II skeletal muscle fiber
– “white fiber”
– Fast twitch
– Works under ______ (glycolysis)
anaerobic
conditions
80
Type II skeletal muscle fiber
– “white fiber”
– Fast twitch
– Works under anaerobic
conditions (__________)
glycolysis
81
Especially those that are
no longer dividing
– Protective function
Skin epithelia (stratified
squamous keratinizing
epithelia)
82
stratified squamous keratinizing
epithelia
Skin epithelia
83
**Skin epithelia (stratified squamous keratinizing epithelia)**
– Especially those that are
no longer __________
– Protective function
dividing
84
* Skin epithelia (stratified
squamous keratinizing
epithelia)
– Especially those that are
no longer dividing
– _________________
Protective function
85
- Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the glycolytic
pathway of glucose oxidation
– Citric acid cycle less important
– They have lysosomes, BUT…...
– Surviving anaerobically is advantageous since they can
kill bacteria and clean debris in poorly oxygenated areas
*Inflamed or necrotic tissue
Neutrophil
86
**Neutrophil**
_______ is broken down to yield energy via the glycolytic pathway of glucose oxidation
Glycogen
87
**Neutrophil**
Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the ________ of glucose oxidation
glycolytic pathway
88
**Neutrophil**
Glycogen is broken down to yield energy via the glycolytic
pathway of ____________
glucose oxidation
89
**Neutrophil**
____________ less important
Citric acid cycle
90
**Neutrophil**
They have ___________, BUT…...
lysosomes
91
**Neutrophil**
Surviving anaerobically is ______ since they can kill bacteria and clean debris in poorly oxygenated areas
advantageous
92
**Neutrophil**
Surviving anaerobically is advantageous since they can
___________ and __________ in poorly oxygenated areas
kill bacteria
clean debris
93
**Neutrophil**
Inflamed or ___________
necrotic tissue
94
High number of mitochondria
there are three (3)
1) Hepatocyte
2) Skeletal Muscle
3) Cardiac Muscle
95
* A cell with just about every
organelle in abundance
* Very metabolically active cell
* Detoxifies, produces bile
Hepatocyte
96
**Hepatocyte**
* A cell with just about every
organelle in _________
abundance
97
**Hepatocyte**
* Very metabolically _________
active cell
98
**Hepatocyte**
* ___________, produces bile
Detoxifies
99
Continuous contraction
requires a lot of ATP
Cardiac Muscle
100
**Cardiac Muscle**
Continuous _________
requires a lot of ATP
contraction
101
* High energy
requirement
* Especially the “red”
fibers
Skeletal Muscle
102
**Skeletal Muscle**
__________ requirement
High energy
103
**Skeletal Muscle**
Especially the _____________
“red” fibers
104
**Parietal cell of the stomach**
Produces the ______ of the stomach
HCl
105
**Parietal cell of the stomach**
In the _________
epithelia lining
106
**Parietal cell of the stomach**
Parietal cells are indirectly targeted by ____________
Pepcid AC, Tagamet and Zantac
107
**Parietal cell of the stomach**
Mitochondria are needed to
sequester the ________
H +
108
**Parietal cell of the stomach**
ATP is needed to move the ___ in the cilia
microtubules
109
**Parietal cell of the stomach**
ATP is needed to move the microtubules in the
___________
cilia
110
**Parietal cell of the stomach**
Cilia helps move _________ along in the _________ of the ________ and the _______ in the ________
mucus
lumen
trachea
ovum
oviduct
111
- Vesicles contain neurotransmitters
- Mitochondria furnish energy for
synaptic activity
- Flagellum has same microtubule
arrangement as cilia
- Requires ATP to move
- Mitochondrial inheritance of
defects is maternal because few,
if any, mitochondria enter the
ovum with the sperm head.
Presynaptic terminal of neuron
112
**Presynaptic terminal of neuron**
Vesicles contain __________
neurotransmitters
113
**Presynaptic terminal of neuron**
Mitochondria _________ energy for
synaptic activity
furnish
114
**Presynaptic terminal of neuron**
Mitochondria furnish energy for
____________
synaptic activity
115
**Presynaptic terminal of neuron**
__________ has same microtubule
arrangement as cilia
Flagellum
116
**Presynaptic terminal of neuron**
Requires ________ to move
ATP
117
**Presynaptic terminal of neuron**
Mitochondrial inheritance of
defects is ______ because few,
if any, mitochondria enter the
ovum with the sperm head.
maternal
118
**Presynaptic terminal of neuron**
Mitochondrial inheritance of
defects is maternal because few,
if any, mitochondria enter the
ovum with the ___________
sperm head
119
* Kidney filtration
* Sodium ions diffuse passively
through apical membrane
* Ions actively transported out of
the cells by a
sodium/potassium ATPase
located in the basement
membrane
* These cells also provide for
protein digestion
Cells of proximal convoluted
tubule
120
**Cells of proximal convoluted
tubule**
* Kidney filtration
* Sodium ions diffuse _______ through apical membrane
* Ions ________ transported out of the cells by sodium/potassium ATPase located in the basement membrane
* These cells also provide for
_________
passively
actively
protein digestion
121
* Heat production is increased in this
tissue because mitochondria in these
cells have a transmembrane protein
called thermogenin in their inner
membrane
* Energy is dissipated by heat and
warms blood in nearby capillaries
Brown adipose
122
**Brown adipose**
Heat production is increased in this tissue because mitochondria in these cells have a transmembrane protein called __________ in their inner
membrane
thermogenin
123
**Brown adipose**
Energy is ___________ by heat and
warms blood in nearby ________
dissipated
capillaries
124
* Mitochondria convert
cholesterol into
pregnenolone* which is
converted into steroids
in the sER
Cortisol secreting cell of adrenal cortex
125
**Cortisol secreting cell of adrenal cortex**
Mitochondria convert
cholesterol into
_________* which is
converted into steroids
in the sER
pregnenolone
126
* The visual process requires a lot of energy
* Protein synthesis and energy conduction
Rods and Cones of the Eye
127
What does this tell us about the
evolution of eukaryotes?
Endosymbiosis!
128
Advantage of highly folded inner
membrane?
More surface area for membranebound enzymes & permeases
129
Membrane-bound proteins
Enzymes & permeases
130
Mitochondrion: Importance
Without mitochondrion ATP production would cease
and the cells would not be able to function.
131
The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:
1. Those that carry out the
oxidation reactions of the
respiratory chain
2. ATP synthase, which use
the H+ gradient to make
ATP
3. Specific transport
proteins that regulate the
passage of metabolites
into and out of the matrix
4. Protein import machinery
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
132
**Mitochondrial Inner Membrane**
The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:
1. Those that carry out the
_________ of the respiratory chain
oxidation reactions
133
**Mitochondrial Inner Membrane**
The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:
2. __________, which use
the H+ gradient to make
ATP
ATP synthase
134
**Mitochondrial Inner Membrane**
The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:
3. ___________ that regulate the
passage of metabolites
into and out of the matrix
Specific transport
proteins
135
**Mitochondrial Inner Membrane**
The inner mitochondrial
membrane contains
proteins with four types
of functions:
4. ________ import machinery
Protein
136
§ it contains enzymes. It can catalyze
ATP to create ADP.
§ symbolic enzyme: adenylate kinase.
intermembrane space
137
**intermembrane space**
it contains _____. It can catalyze ATP to create ____.
enzymes
ADP
138
**intermembrane space**
symbolic enzyme: __________
adenylate kinase
139
§Enzymes are abundant in the matrix . It also contains
mitochondrial genetic system including DNA and
ribosome.
§ some reaction pathways take place in the matrix.
§ symbolic enzyme:malic acid dehydrogenase.
Matrix
140
**Matrix**
Enzymes are abundant in the matrix . It also contains
__________ including DNA and
ribosome.
mitochondrial genetic system
141
**Matrix**
some _________ take place in the matrix.
reaction pathways
142
**Matrix**
symbolic enzyme: ____________
malic acid dehydrogenase.
143
- it also call ATP synthase.
- it lies in the inner membrane.
elementary particle
