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Cell and Molecular Biology > 2 > Flashcards

2 Flashcards

1
Q

Archea
Bacteria
Plant cells
Human cells

A

Cellular Diversity

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2
Q

More than _____ types identified in human body

A

200 cell

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3
Q

Arranged into tissues - ______ basic tissue types

A

4

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4
Q

4 basic tissue types

A
  1. epithelia
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle
  4. nervous tissue
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5
Q

Specialised cell types:

A
  1. rod cells - photoreceptor cells
  2. hair cell - sound receptor
  3. germ cell - sperm
  4. red blood cells
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6
Q

Natural laws limit cell size

A cell must be ______ enough to house DNA and organelles it needs to survive and reproduce

A

large

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7
Q

Natural laws limit cell size

It must be ________ enough to obtain nutrients from the environment and dispose of wastes

A

small

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8
Q

Surface area
of one large
cube = _______

A

5,400 µm2

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9
Q

Total surface area
of 27 small cubes
= _____

A

16,200 µm2

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10
Q

A cell ________ infinitely small

A

cannot be

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11
Q

Limits to cell size

  • smallest bacteria
  • mycoplasmas
  • 0.1 to 1.0
  • most bacteria
  • 1-10 microns
A

Lower limit

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12
Q

Limits to cell size

  • eukaryotic cells
  • 10-100 microns
A

Upper limit

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13
Q
  • ‘smaller parts within larger cells’
  • organization of parts into smaller units (Organelles) within the cell
  • Increased surface area, better specialization
A

COMPARTMENTALIZATION

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14
Q

A step in cellular evolution

A

Compartmentalization

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15
Q

Cellular Evolution

In-folding of cell membrane formed organelles such as _________

A

ER, golgi etc

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16
Q

Cellular Evolution

Followed by specialization of functions such as ____

A

( transport, ingestion etc)

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17
Q
  • create internal micro-environments (“compartments”)
  • advantage = increase efficiency
A

Developmental of internal membranes

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18
Q

Differences Between Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ribosomes on its surface, making it appear rough, and is primarily responsible for protein synthesis and processing. In contrast, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes, giving it a smooth appearance, and focuses on lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.

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19
Q

■ Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes and appears more tubular than rough ER, where as the rough ER appeared as more of a maze.
■ Smooth ER gives the cell the ability to perform a variety of specialized functions.
■ Smooth ER functions in the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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20
Q

Other cells evolved
through _______

A

Endosymbiosis

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21
Q

evolution through Endosymbiosis

A
  1. In a first endosymbiotic event, the ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria.
  2. In a second endosymbiotic event, a descendant consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts.
22
Q

Some organelles have double membranes (outer membrane may be vesicular in origin)

A

Membrane

23
Q

Susceptible to antibiotics (e.g. chloramphenicol) (indicates organelles may have bacterial origins)

A

Antibiotics

24
Q

Susceptible to antibiotics (e.g. chloramphenicol) (indicates organelles may have bacterial origins)

A

Antibiotics

25
Q

Reproduction occurs via a fission-like process

A

Division

26
Q

Reproduction occurs via a fission-like process

A

Division

27
Q

Has own DNA which is naked and circular (like prokaryotic DNA structure)

A

DNA

28
Q

Have ribosomes which are 70S in size (identical to prokaryotic ribosomes)

A

Ribosomes

29
Q
  • Mitochondria similar to bacteria ( same size and shape as bacteria)
  • With DNA as hereditary material
  • Semi-autonomous
  • Used to be bacteria
A

Mitochondria

30
Q

The Tree of Life

A

EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
VIRUSES??????
PROTEINS
SMALL MOLECULES
AND ATOMS

31
Q

Three Domains of Life

A

Eubacteria
Archaea
Eucarya

32
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryotes

33
Q

-> Single celled organisms
-> No nucleus, no compartments
-> Peptidoglycan cell walls
-> Binary fission
-> For energy, use organic chemicals,
inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

A

Prokaryotes – Domain Bacteria

34
Q

-> Lack peptidoglycan
-> Live in extreme environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
-> Role in disease not well understood—this
group has only recently been discovered

A

Prokaryotes – Domain Archea

35
Q

__________ growing in
Yellowstone hot springs.

A

Thermophiles

36
Q

Two Fundamentally
Different Types of Cells

A

Eukaryotic Cell and
Prokaryotic Cell

37
Q

___________ is enclosed by a plasma
membrane and is usually encased in a rigid
cell wall – The cell wall may be covered by
a sticky capsule

A

A prokaryotic cell

38
Q

Eukaryotic cells are partitioned _______________

A

into functional compartments

39
Q

Eukaryotes are distinguished by the
presence of a ___________

A

true nucleus

40
Q

– Plasma membrane
– Genetic mechanisms
– Most organelles

A

Structural Similarities

41
Q

– Plants have choloroplasts, a large central vacuole and a cell wall
– Plant cells do not have centrioles
– Plant cells have plasmodesmata
– Animal cells have gap junctions

A

Structural Differences

42
Q

– Plant cells have photosynthesis in addition to respiration
– During mitosis a cell plate is formed in plant cells
– Starch is molecule for energy storage while in animal cells it is
glycogen
– Large central vacuole stores more water and carbohydrates then
animal cell vacuoles

A

Physiological Differences

43
Q
  • Synthesize proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
  • Stores molecules and materials
  • Transports materials
  • Detoxification of toxins
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

44
Q

Nickname: “Roads”
– Function: The internal
delivery system of the
cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

45
Q
  • Sites of protein
    synthesis
  • Composed of a
    large and small
    subunit
  • Types –
    1. Free - move
    through the
    cytoplasm
    2. Fixed - Attached to
    endoplasmic
    reticulum
A

Ribosomes

46
Q

*Contain digestive enzymes
*Perform clean up and duties
*Digesting food or cellular invaders
*Recycling cellular components

A

Lysosomes

47
Q
  • Provide energy
    for cell
  • Major site of ATP
    synthesis
  • ATP- energy
    coinage of the
    cell
A

Mitochondria

48
Q

*A class of diseases that causes muscle weakness and neurological
disorders are due to ______________________

A

malfunctioning mitochondria.

49
Q

Worn out mitochondria may be an important factor in __________.

A

aging

50
Q
  • In specialized zone near
    nucleus: Centrosome
  • Each unit consists of
    microtubules
    – Support the cytoplasm
    – Form certain organelles
    – Responsible for cell
    movement
    – Involved in cell division
    – Involved in transport of
    intracellular materials.
  • Before cell division,
    centrioles divide, move to
    ends of cell and become
    spindle fibers
A

Centrioles

51
Q
  • Flattened membrane sacs stacked on
    each other
  • Modification, packaging, distribution of
    proteins and lipids
  • Provides vesicles which become
    lysosomes
A

Golgi Apparatus

52
Q

CELLULAR PROCESSES

Cell growth -> ____________
Cell death -> _________
Cell Movement -> _________ -> _______

A

cell division
apoptosis
Motility, Flagellum

Cell and Molecular Biology (10 decks)

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