2

Question 1

Archea
Bacteria
Plant cells
Human cells

Answer 1

Cellular Diversity

Question 2

More than _____ types identified in human body

Answer 2

200 cell

Question 3

Arranged into tissues - ______ basic tissue types

Answer 3

4

Question 4

4 basic tissue types

Answer 4

1. epithelia
2. connective tissue
3. muscle
4. nervous tissue

Question 5

Specialised cell types:

Answer 5

1. rod cells - photoreceptor cells
2. hair cell - sound receptor
3. germ cell - sperm
4. red blood cells

Question 6

Natural laws limit cell size

A cell must be ______ enough to house DNA and organelles it needs to survive and reproduce

Answer 6

large

Question 7

Natural laws limit cell size

It must be ________ enough to obtain nutrients from the environment and dispose of wastes

Answer 7

small

Question 8

Surface area
of one large
cube = _______

Answer 8

5,400 µm2

Question 9

Total surface area
of 27 small cubes
= _____

Answer 9

16,200 µm2

Question 10

A cell ________ infinitely small

Answer 10

cannot be

Question 11

Limits to cell size

• smallest bacteria
• mycoplasmas
• 0.1 to 1.0
• most bacteria
• 1-10 microns

Answer 11

Lower limit

Question 12

Limits to cell size

• eukaryotic cells
• 10-100 microns

Answer 12

Upper limit

Question 13

• ‘smaller parts within larger cells’
• organization of parts into smaller units (Organelles) within the cell
• Increased surface area, better specialization

Answer 13

COMPARTMENTALIZATION

Question 14

A step in cellular evolution

Answer 14

Compartmentalization

Question 15

Cellular Evolution

In-folding of cell membrane formed organelles such as _________

Answer 15

ER, golgi etc

Question 16

Cellular Evolution

Followed by specialization of functions such as ____

Answer 16

( transport, ingestion etc)

Question 17

• create internal micro-environments (“compartments”)
• advantage = increase efficiency

Answer 17

Developmental of internal membranes

Question 18

Differences Between Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 18

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ribosomes on its surface, making it appear rough, and is primarily responsible for protein synthesis and processing. In contrast, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes, giving it a smooth appearance, and focuses on lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.

Question 19

■ Smooth ER lacks attached ribosomes and appears more tubular than rough ER, where as the rough ER appeared as more of a maze.
■ Smooth ER gives the cell the ability to perform a variety of specialized functions.
■ Smooth ER functions in the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification.

Answer 19

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 20

Other cells evolved
through _______

Answer 20

Endosymbiosis

Question 21

evolution through Endosymbiosis

Answer 21

1. In a first endosymbiotic event, the ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria.
2. In a second endosymbiotic event, a descendant consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts.

Question 22

Some organelles have double membranes (outer membrane may be vesicular in origin)

Answer 22

Membrane

Question 23

Susceptible to antibiotics (e.g. chloramphenicol) (indicates organelles may have bacterial origins)

Answer 23

Antibiotics

Question 24

Susceptible to antibiotics (e.g. chloramphenicol) (indicates organelles may have bacterial origins)

Answer 24

Antibiotics

Question 25

Reproduction occurs via a fission-like process

Answer 25

Division

Question 26

Reproduction occurs via a fission-like process

Answer 26

Division

Question 27

Has own DNA which is naked and circular (like prokaryotic DNA structure)

Answer 27

DNA

Question 28

Have ribosomes which are 70S in size (identical to prokaryotic ribosomes)

Answer 28

Ribosomes

Question 29

* Mitochondria similar to bacteria ( same size and shape as bacteria) * With DNA as hereditary material * Semi-autonomous * Used to be bacteria

Answer 29

Mitochondria

Question 30

The Tree of Life

Answer 30

EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES VIRUSES?????? PROTEINS SMALL MOLECULES AND ATOMS

Question 31

Three Domains of Life

Answer 31

Eubacteria Archaea Eucarya

Question 32

Domain Bacteria

Answer 32

Prokaryotes

Question 33

-> Single celled organisms -> No nucleus, no compartments -> Peptidoglycan cell walls -> Binary fission -> For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

Answer 33

Prokaryotes – Domain Bacteria

Question 34

-> Lack peptidoglycan -> Live in extreme environments Include: Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles -> Role in disease not well understood—this group has only recently been discovered

Answer 34

Prokaryotes – Domain Archea

Question 35

__________ growing in Yellowstone hot springs.

Answer 35

Thermophiles

Question 36

Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells

Answer 36

Eukaryotic Cell and Prokaryotic Cell

Question 37

___________ is enclosed by a plasma membrane and is usually encased in a rigid cell wall – The cell wall may be covered by a sticky capsule

Answer 37

A prokaryotic cell

Question 38

Eukaryotic cells are partitioned _______________

Answer 38

into functional compartments

Question 39

Eukaryotes are distinguished by the presence of a ___________

Answer 39

true nucleus

Question 40

– Plasma membrane – Genetic mechanisms – Most organelles

Answer 40

Structural Similarities

Question 41

– Plants have choloroplasts, a large central vacuole and a cell wall – Plant cells do not have centrioles – Plant cells have plasmodesmata – Animal cells have gap junctions

Answer 41

Structural Differences

Question 42

– Plant cells have photosynthesis in addition to respiration – During mitosis a cell plate is formed in plant cells – Starch is molecule for energy storage while in animal cells it is glycogen – Large central vacuole stores more water and carbohydrates then animal cell vacuoles

Answer 42

Physiological Differences

Question 43

* Synthesize proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids * Stores molecules and materials * Transports materials * Detoxification of toxins

Answer 43

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 44

Nickname: “Roads” – Function: The internal delivery system of the cell

Answer 44

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 45

* Sites of protein synthesis * Composed of a large and small subunit * Types – 1. Free - move through the cytoplasm 2. Fixed - Attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 45

Ribosomes

Question 46

*Contain digestive enzymes *Perform clean up and duties *Digesting food or cellular invaders *Recycling cellular components

Answer 46

Lysosomes

Question 47

* Provide energy for cell * Major site of ATP synthesis * ATP- energy coinage of the cell

Answer 47

Mitochondria

Question 48

*A class of diseases that causes muscle weakness and neurological disorders are due to ______________________

Answer 48

malfunctioning mitochondria.

Question 49

Worn out mitochondria may be an important factor in __________.

Answer 49

aging

Question 50

* In specialized zone near nucleus: Centrosome * Each unit consists of **microtubules** – Support the cytoplasm – Form certain organelles – Responsible for cell movement – Involved in cell division – Involved in transport of intracellular materials. * Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and become spindle fibers

Answer 50

Centrioles

Question 51

* Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other * Modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids * Provides vesicles which become lysosomes

Answer 51

Golgi Apparatus

Question 52

**CELLULAR PROCESSES** Cell growth -> ____________ Cell death -> _________ Cell Movement -> _________ -> _______

Answer 52

cell division apoptosis Motility, Flagellum