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1
Q

4 metabolic stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Electron transport chain
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2
Q

occurs in cytosol

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q
  • respiration using O2
    – in mitochondria
A

Aerobic respiration

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4
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —>

A

ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 (+ heat)

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5
Q

Photosynthesis in?

A

Chloroplasts

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6
Q

Cellular respiration in?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q
  • Step-by-step breakdown
    of high-energy glucose
    molecules to release
    energy
  • Takes place day and
    night in all living cells
  • Occurs in stages,
    controlled by enzymes
A

Cellular Respiration

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8
Q

Step-by-step __________
of high-energy glucose
molecules to release
________

A

breakdown
energy

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9
Q

Takes place day and
night in all ___________

A

living cells

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10
Q

Occurs in stages,
controlled by ________

A

enzymes

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11
Q

Breakdown of Cellular Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
  2. Grooming Phase
  3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
  4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
    and Oxidative Phosphorylation
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12
Q

cytosol, just outside of
mitochondria.

A

Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

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13
Q

migration
from cytosol to matrix

A

Grooming Phase

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14
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

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15
Q

a. Also called Chemiosmosis
b. inner mitochondrial
membrane.

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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16
Q

Energy Currency of Cells

A

ATP

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17
Q

An __________ contains potential energy, much like a
compressed spring.

A

ATP molecule

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18
Q

When a phosphate group is pulled away
during a chemical reaction, energy is ____________.

A

released

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19
Q

This cycle is the fundamental
mode of energy exchange in
biological systems.

A

ATP-ADP Cycle

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20
Q

ATP is constantly
_______ in your cells.

A

recycled

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21
Q

A working ________
recycles all of its ATP
molecules about once
each minute.

A

muscle cell

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22
Q

That’s _________ ATP molecules
spent and regenerated
per second!

A

10 million

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23
Q

Different types of Cellular Respiration

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration

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24
Q

– Occurs in the presence of
oxygen
– When chemically breaking
down glucose completely,
this process releases large
amounts energy
- Releasing carbon dioxide and
water as waste products.

A

Aerobic respiration

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25
Q

-Occurs if there is a lack of
oxygen available for aerobic
respiration
-Only Glycolysis occurs
-Glucose is incompletely
broken down
-In this type of respiration a
lot less energy is -produced
and most of it is lost as heat.

A

Anaerobic respiration

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26
Q

NET REACTION

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —->

A

6CO2 + 620 + about 38 ATP

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27
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

1st step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Glucose
Enzyme: Hexokinase
Energy: ATP to ADP

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28
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

2nd step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:

A

Product: Glucose-6-phosphate
Enzyme: Isomerase

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29
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

3rd step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Fructose-6-phosphate
Enzyme: phospho-fructokinase
Energy: ATP to ADP

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30
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

4th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:

A

Product: Fructose -1, 6- Bisphosphate
Enzyme: Aldolase

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31
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

in the 5th step, the fructose-1, 6- Bisphosphate is divided into two

5th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product:
1. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
2. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
Enzyme: GL-3-P Dehydrogenase
Energy: NAD to NADH

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32
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

6th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: 1-3 Bisphosphoglycerate
Enzyme: Phosphoglycerate kinase
Energy: ADP to ATP

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33
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

7th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:

A

Product: 3-phosphoglycerate
Enzyme: phosphoglycerate mutase

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34
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

8th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:

A

Product: 2-phosphoglycerate
Enzyme: Enolase

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35
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

9th step in glycolysis
Product:
Enzyme:

A

Product: Phosphoenol pyruvate
Enzyme: Pyruvate kinase

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36
Q

GLYCOLYSIS PROCESS

10th step in glycolysis
Product:
Energy:

A

Product: Pyruvate
Energy: ADP to ATP

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37
Q

1st Phase of Glycolysis where energy is consumed

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose-6-phosphate
  3. Fructose-6-phosphate
  4. Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate
  5. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
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38
Q

2nd Phase of Glycolysis where energy is consumed

A

6) 1-3 Bisphosphoglycerate
7) 3-Phosphoglycerate
8) 2-Phosphoglycerate
9) Phosphoenol pyruvate
10) Pyruvate

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39
Q

Net Reaction of Glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD —> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

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40
Q
  • Breaking down glucose
    – “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)
    – ancient pathway which harvests energy
  • where energy transfer first evolved
  • transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
  • still is starting point for all cellular respiration
    – but it’s inefficient
  • generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
    – occurs in cytosol
A

Glycolysis

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41
Q

“glyco – lysis”

A

(splitting sugar)

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42
Q

Glycolysis

Breaking down _______

A

glucose

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43
Q

Glycolysis

ancient pathway which ________

A

harvests energy

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44
Q

Glycolysis

– ancient pathway which harvests energy
* where energy transfer first evolved
* transfer energy from _______
* still is _______ for all cellular respiration

A

organic molecules to ATP
starting point

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45
Q

Glycolysis

but it’s ________

A

inefficient

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46
Q

Glycolysis

  • but it’s inefficient
  • generate only _______ for every ____
A

2 ATP, 1 glucose

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47
Q

Glycolysis

occurs in _____

A

cytosol

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48
Q
  • Prokaryotes
    – first cells had no organelles
  • Anaerobic atmosphere
    – life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in
    atmosphere
    – energy had to be captured from organic molecules in
    absence of O2
  • Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all
    modern life
    – ALL cells still utilize glycolysis
A

Evolutionary perspective

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49
Q

Evolutionary perspective

– first cells had no organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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50
Q

Evolutionary perspective

– life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen (O2) in
atmosphere
– energy had to be captured from organic molecules in
absence of O2

A

Anaerobic atmosphere

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51
Q

Evolutionary perspective

Anaerobic atmosphere
– life on Earth first evolved ________ in atmosphere
– energy had to be captured from _______ in absence of O2

A

without free oxygen (O2)
organic molecules

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52
Q

Evolutionary perspective

that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all
modern life

A

Prokaryotes

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53
Q

Evolutionary perspective

_______ still utilize glycolysis

A

ALL cells

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54
Q

Overview of ten (10) reactions of glycolysis

– convert:
– produces:
– consumes:
– net:

A

– convert:
glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
– produces:
4 ATP & 2 NADH
– consumes:
2 ATP
– net:
2 ATP & 2 NADH

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55
Q

DHAP

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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56
Q

G3P

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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57
Q

1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)

  • get glucose ready to split
  • Phosphorylate glucose
  • molecular rearrangement
  • split destabilized glucose
A

Glucose “priming”

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58
Q

1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)

Glucose “priming”
- get glucose ready to _____

A

split

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59
Q

1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)

  • get glucose ready to split
A
  • Phosphorylate glucose
  • molecular rearrangement
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60
Q

1st half of glycolysis (5 reactions)

split ______ glucose

A

destabilized

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61
Q

2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)

– NADH production
* G3P donates H
* oxidize sugar
* reduce NAD+
* NAD+ ® NADH
– ATP production
* G3P ® pyruvate
* PEP sugar donates P
* ADP ® ATP

A

Energy Harvest

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62
Q

2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)

Energy Harvest

NADH production

A
  • G3P donates H
  • oxidize sugar
  • reduce NAD+
  • NAD+ —> NADH
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63
Q

2nd half of glycolysis (5 reactions)

Energy Harvest

ATP production

A
  • G3P —> pyruvate
  • PEP sugar donates P
  • ADP —> ATP
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64
Q

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P come from to make ATP?

A

The phosphate group in this case comes directly from the PEP molecule or the sugar substrate

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65
Q

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

P is transferred from ________

A

PEP to ADP

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66
Q

P is transferred from _______
- kinase enzyme
- ADP —> ATP

A

PEP to ADP

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67
Q

P is transferred from PEP to ADP

A
  • kinase enzyme
  • ADP —> ATP
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68
Q

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

_____ is formed when an ________ transfers a _________ from a ______ to _____.

A

ATP
enzyme
phosphate group
substrate
ADP

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69
Q

Energy accounting of glycolysis

  • Net gain = _______
    – some energy investment (___)
    – small energy return (_______)
  • 1 6C sugar —> ________
A

2 ATP
-2 ATP
+4 ATP
2 3C sugars

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70
Q

Is that all there is?
* Not a lot of energy…
– for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived

  • no O2= _________
A

slow growth, slow reproduction

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71
Q

Is that all there is?
* Not a lot of energy…
– for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth
survived
* no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction
* only harvest _________ stored in glucose

A

3.5% of energy

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72
Q

Is that all there is?
* Not a lot of energy…
– for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth
survived
* no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction
* only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose
– more carbons to strip off = _________

A

more energy to harvest

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73
Q

Splits a glucose molecule into 2 - 3 Carbon molecules called ________.

A

PYRUVATE

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74
Q

Glycolysis product

A

2 ATP, NADH and pyruvate

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75
Q
  • Going to run out of NAD+
    – without regenerating NAD+, _________________
    – another molecule must accept H from NADH
A

energy production would stop!

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76
Q
  • Going to run out of NAD+
    – without regenerating NAD+,
    energy production would stop!
    – another molecule must ___________ from NADH
A

accept H

77
Q

How is NADH recycled to NAD+?

A

NADH is recycled to NAD⁺ through fermentation processes, such as lactic acid fermentation, where it donates electrons to pyruvate, or alcoholic fermentation, where it reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol.

78
Q

How is NADH recycled to NAD+?

with oxygen
aerobic respiration

A

pyruvate

79
Q

How is NADH recycled to NAD+?

without oxygen
anaerobic respiration

A

fermentation

80
Q

How is NADH recycled to NAD+?

Another molecule
must _____ from
NADH

A

accept H

81
Q

Fermentation

A

(anaerobic)

82
Q
  • Bacteria, yeast
  • Animals, some fungi
A

Fermentation (anaerobic)

83
Q

Bacteria, yeast (example)

A

beer, wine, bread

84
Q

Animals, some fungi (example)

A

cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O2)

85
Q

Bacteria, yeast reaction

A

pyruvate —> ethanol + CO2
3C —> 2C + 1C
NADH —> NAD+ —> Glycolysis

86
Q

Animals, some fungi reaction

A

pyruvate —> lactic acid
3C —> 3C
NADH —> NAD+ —> glycolysis

87
Q

Examples of Fermentation

A

Alcohol Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

88
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

example reaction (bacteria yeast)

A

pyruvate —> ethanol + CO2
3C —> 2C —> 1C
NADH —> NAD+

89
Q
  • Dead end process
  • at ~12% ethanol, kills yeast
  • can’t reverse the reaction
A

Alcohol Fermentation

90
Q

Dead end process

A

Alcohol Fermentation

91
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

at ~12% ethanol, ______

A

kills yeast

92
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

can’t _______ the reaction

A

reverse

93
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation reaction example

A

animals
pyruvate —> lactic acid
3C —> 3C
NADH —> NAD+

94
Q

Reversible process
- once O2 is available, lactate is converted back to pyruvate by
the liver

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

95
Q

Reversible process

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

96
Q

Reversible process

once O2 is available, ____ is _______ to _______ by the _______

A

lactate
converted back
pyruvate
liver

97
Q

_____ is a branching point

A

Pyruvate

98
Q

The oxygen (O2) gained in pyruvate will go to?

A

mitochondria
Kreb’s cycle (aerobic respiration)

99
Q

Three fates of pyruvate produced by glycolysis

A
  1. Anaerobic respiration (lactc acid fermentation)
  2. Aerobic oxidation
  3. Anaerobic (alcohol fermentation)
100
Q

Making ATP

– set up a H+ gradient
– allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthase
– powers bonding
of Pi to ADP

A

ATP synthase

101
Q

ATP synthase

– set up a ________
– allow H+ to ____ through ATP synthase
– powers bonding of _______

A

H+ gradient
flow
Pi to ADP

102
Q

Making ATP

_________ —> ATP

A

ADP + Pi

103
Q

Metabolism in the
_____________________

A

mitochondrial matrix

104
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate

Pyruvate enters _________

A

mitochondria

105
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate

Acetyl CoA enters __________

A

Krebs cycle

106
Q

– 3 step oxidation process
– releases 1 CO2 (count the carbons!)
– reduces 2 NAD ® 2 NADH (moves e-)
– produces acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate enters mitochondria

107
Q

Pyruvate enters mitochondria

  • 3 step ______ process
    – releases ___ (count the carbons!)
    – reduces _________ (moves e-)
    – produces ________
A

oxidation
1 CO2
2 NAD —> 2 NADH
acetyl CoA

108
Q

Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA

YIELD

A

2x[Yield = 2C sugar +NADH + CO2]

109
Q
  • aka Citric Acid Cycle
    – in mitochondrial matrix
    – 8 step pathway
  • each catalyzed by specific enzyme
  • step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule
  • Evolved later than glycolysis
    – does that make evolutionary sense?
  • bacteria ®3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis)
  • free O2 ®2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis)
  • eukaryotes ®1.5 billion years ago (aerobic
    respiration = organelles ® mitochondria)
A

Krebs cycle

110
Q

who discover krebs cycle?

A

Hans Krebs
1900-1981

111
Q

aka Citric Acid Cycle

A

Krebs cycle

112
Q

Krebs cycle occurs in

A

mitochondrial matrix

113
Q

Krebs cycle has _____ pathways

A

8 pathways

114
Q

in each 8 pathways of kreb cycle

each catalyzed by _______

A

specific enzyme

115
Q

in 8 pathways of krebs cycle it has

step-wise _______ of _______ molecule

A

catabolism
6C citrate

116
Q

Evolved later than glycolysis

A

Krebs cycle

117
Q

Krebs cycle evolved later than glycolysis

  • bacteria - 3.5 billion years ago (_____)
  • free O2 - 2.7 billion years ago (____)
  • eukaryotes - 1.5 billion years ago (________)
A

glycolysis
photosynthesis
aerobic respiration = organelles —-> mitochondria

118
Q

In eukaryotes, the krebs cycle occurs in ______

A

mitochondria

119
Q

In prokaryotes, the krebs cycle occurs in ______

A

cytosol

120
Q

KREBS CYCLE PROCESS

1st step in krebs cycle

From pyruvate to acetyl coA with the help of oxaloacetate

Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Citrate (6 carbon)
Enzyme: Citrate synthase
6 carbon

121
Q

KREBS CYCLE PROCESS

2nd step in krebs cycle
Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Isocitrate
Enzyme: Aconitase

122
Q

KREBS CYCLE PROCESS

3rd step in krebs cycle

Isocitrate to Alpha-ketoglutarate

Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Alpha-ketoglutarate (5 carbon)
Enzyme: Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Energy:
NAD to NADH
CO2

123
Q

KREBS CYCLE PROCESS

3rd step in krebs cycle

Alpha-ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA

Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Succinyl CoA (4 carbon)
Enzyme: Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Energy:
NAD to NADH
CO2

124
Q

KREBS CYCLE PROCESS

4th step in krebs cycle

Succinyl CoA to Succinate

Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Succinyl CoA (4 carbon)
Enzyme: Succinyl CoA synthase
Energy: GTP

125
Q

KREBS CYCLE PROCESS

5th step in krebs cycle

Succinate to Fumarate

Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Fumarate
Enzyme: Succinate Dehydrogenase
Energy: FADH2 <— QH2

126
Q

KREBS CYCLE PROCESS

6th step in krebs cycle

Fumarate to Malate

Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Malate
Enzyme: Fumarase

127
Q

KREBS CYCLE PROCESS

7th step in krebs cycle

Malate to Oxaloacetate

Product:
Enzyme:
Energy:

A

Product: Oxaloacetate
Enzyme: Malate Dehydrogenase
Energy: NAD to NADH

128
Q

Krebs cycle

So we fully oxidized glucose C6H12O6 —> CO2 & ended up with ________

A

4 ATP!

129
Q

Net gain of krebs cycle

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

130
Q

Hydrogen Carriers

A

Electron Carriers

131
Q

Krebs cycle produces large quantities of ____________

A

electron carriers

132
Q

Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers

A
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • go to Electron Transport Chain
133
Q

What’s so important about electron carriers?

A

Electron carriers are vital for transporting electrons during metabolic processes, facilitating energy transfer that ultimately leads to ATP production.

134
Q

Energy accounting of Krebs cycle

Net gain

A

= 2 ATP
= 8 NADH + 2 FADH2

135
Q

Value of Krebs cycle?

A

The Krebs cycle is essential for generating energy-rich molecules, such as NADH and FADH2, which are crucial for ATP production and cellular metabolism.

136
Q

If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation?

A

The Krebs cycle is an adaptation because it efficiently produces high-energy electron carriers that drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation, enabling greater energy extraction from nutrients.

137
Q

If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation?

value of _________

A

NADH & FADH2

138
Q

value of NADH & FADH2
* electron carriers & H carriers
– reduced molecules move ____
– reduced molecules move ____

A

electrons
H+ ions

139
Q

value of NADH & FADH2

to be used in the _______

A

Electron Transport Chain

140
Q

– series of molecules built into inner
mitochondrial membrane
* along cristae
* transport proteins & enzymes
– transport of electrons down ETC linked to
pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
– yields ~34 ATP from 1 glucose!
– only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)

A

Electron Transport Chain

141
Q

Electron Transport Chain is a series of molecules built into ________

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

142
Q

Electron Transport Chain
– series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane
* along ______
* transport _________

A

cristae
proteins & enzymes

143
Q
  • Electron Transport Chain
    – series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane
  • along cristae
  • transport proteins & enzymes
    – transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create ______________
A

H+ gradient

144
Q

Electron Transport Chain
– series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane
* along cristae
* transport proteins & enzymes
– transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
– yields _________ from 1 glucose!

A

~34 ATP

145
Q

Electron Transport Chain
– series of molecules built into inner
mitochondrial membrane
* along cristae
* transport proteins & enzymes
– transport of electrons down ETC linked to
pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
– yields ~34 ATP from 1 glucose!
– only in presence of _________

A

O2 (aerobic respiration)

146
Q

Electron Transport Chain occurs in?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

147
Q

What powers the proton (H+) pumps?

A

The proton (H+) pumps are powered by the energy released during electron transfer through the electron transport chain, which creates a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.

148
Q

Stripping H from Electron Carriers

NADH passes electrons to _________

A

ETC

149
Q

Stripping H from Electron Carriers
* NADH passes electrons to ETC
– H cleaved off ___________

A

NADH & FADH2

150
Q

Stripping H from Electron Carriers
* NADH passes electrons to ETC
– H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
– _________ stripped from H atoms —> ____________

A

electrons
H+ (protons)

151
Q

Stripping H from Electron Carriers
* NADH passes electrons to ETC
– H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
– electrons stripped from H atoms —> H+ (protons)
– electrons passed from _________ to next in mitochondrial membrane (ETC)

A

one electron carrier

152
Q

Stripping H from Electron Carriers
* NADH passes electrons to ETC
– H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
– electrons stripped from H atoms —-> H+ (protons)
– electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in
mitochondrial membrane (ETC)
– transport proteins in membrane pump ______ across inner membrane to ___________

A

H+ (protons)
intermembrane space

153
Q

But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?

A

The electrons are “pulled” down the electron transport chain by the increasing electronegativity of the electron carriers, which ultimately transfers the electrons to oxygen, the final electron acceptor.

154
Q

But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC?

electrons flow downhill to ________

A

O2

155
Q

is the final electron acceptor in ETC

A

OXYGEN

156
Q

Electrons flow downhill
* Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to ______

A

O2

157
Q

Electrons flow downhill
* Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to O2
– each carrier more ________

A

electronegative

158
Q

Electrons flow downhill
* Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to O2
– each carrier more electronegative
– controlled ___________

A

oxidation

159
Q

Electrons flow downhill
* Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to O2
– each carrier more electronegative
– controlled oxidation
– controlled release of ________

A

energy

160
Q
  • Set up a H+ gradient
  • Allow the protons
    to flow through
    ATP synthase
  • Synthesizes ATP
    ADP + Pi —> ATP
A

“proton-motive” force

161
Q

“proton-motive” force

  • Set up a __________
  • Allow the __________
    to flow through
    ATP synthase
  • _________ ATP
A

H+ gradient
protons
Synthesizes

162
Q
  • The diffusion of ions across a membrane
    – build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow
    through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP
A

Chemiosmosis

163
Q

links the Electron
Transport Chain
to ATP synthesis

A

Chemiosmosis

164
Q

The diffusion of ions across a membrane

A

Chemiosmosis

165
Q

Chemiosmosis
The diffusion of ions across a membrane
– build up of __________ just so ______ could flow through _________ to build ATP

A

proton gradient
H+
ATP synthase enzyme

166
Q

He proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis
– revolutionary idea at the time

A

Peter Mitchell

167
Q

by substrate-level phosphorylation

A

+2 ATP

168
Q

depending on shuttle that transports electrons from NADH in cytosol

A

-0 to about 2 ATP

169
Q

by oxidative phosphorylation

A

+ about 34 ATP

170
Q

Where did the glucose come from?

A

Glucose comes from the photosynthesis of plants, where they convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose.

171
Q

Where did the O2 come from?

A

Oxygen (O2) is produced during photosynthesis as a byproduct when plants split water molecules.

172
Q

Where did the CO2 come from?

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced during cellular respiration when glucose is metabolized.

173
Q

Where did the CO2 go?

A

The CO2 is released into the atmosphere as a waste product during respiration and through plant respiration.

174
Q

Where did the H2O come from?

A

Water (H2O) is produced as a byproduct of the electron transport chain during cellular respiration when electrons combine with oxygen and protons.

175
Q

Where did the ATP come from?

A

ATP is generated primarily during cellular respiration through substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, as well as oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain.

176
Q

What else is produced that is not listed in this equation?

A

Other products include heat and metabolic intermediates that are used in various biochemical pathways.

177
Q

Why do we breathe?

A

We breathe to take in oxygen for cellular respiration and to remove carbon dioxide produced as a waste product.

178
Q

What is the final
electron acceptor in
Electron Transport
Chain?

A

oxygen

179
Q

So what happens if O2 unavailable?

A

If oxygen is unavailable, cells switch to anaerobic respiration, which produces less ATP and results in byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the organism.

180
Q

So what happens if O2 unavailable?

__________ backs up

A

ETC

181
Q

So what happens if O2 unavailable?

ETC backs up
- nothing to pull electrons down chain
- __________ can’t unload H
- ATP production ________
- cells _______ of energy
- and you die!

A

NADH & FADH2
ceases
run out

182
Q

– Break into AA’s
– Deaminate
– Alanine to pyruvate
– Glutamate to α
ketoglutarate
– Aspartate to oxaloacetate

A

Proteins

183
Q

– Degrade into individual fatty acids &
glycerol
– Oxidized in matrix—enzymes attack
long fatty acid chains and remove 2C
chunks
– Entire chain is converted into acetylCoA
– Called Beta oxidation
– Glycerol is converted into pyruvate.

A

FATS

184
Q

__________ join the Krebs cycle at
different points

A

AA’s

185
Q

Called Beta oxidation

A

FATS

186
Q
  • When there is an excess of intermediates they
    can be used to build necessary molecules.
  • Lipids can be generated from excess acetyl CoA
  • Glycogen is generated from excess pyruvate
  • Amino acids are genertated from different
    stages of the krebs cycle.
A

BIOSYNTHESIS

187
Q

BIOSYNTHESIS

_____ can be generated from excess acetyl CoA

A

Lipids

188
Q

BIOSYNTHESIS

_________ is generated from excess pyruvate

A

Glycogen

189
Q

BIOSYNTHESIS

_________ are genertated from different stages of the krebs cycle.

A

Amino acids

Cell and Molecular Biology (10 decks)

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