7.Bleeding and Hemostasis Flashcards
Approximately how many platelets are produced each day?
a. 10^6
b. 10^9
c. 10^11
d. 10^12
C 10^11
What is the average length of circulation of a platelet in dogs?
a. 3-5 days
b. 4-6 days
c. 6-8 days
d. 7-9 days
C. 6-8 d
What is the average length of circulation of a platelet in cats?
a. 3-5 days
b. 4-6 days
c. 6-8 days
d. 7-9 days
still C 6-8 days ;)
Pick the true statement
a. Following endothelial damage, platelets adhere to subendothelial collagen via platelet-glycoprotein V or to vWF
b. Thromboxane A2 is synthesized from platelets from arachidonic acid via COX-2
c. Thromboxane recruits and activates additional platelets during primary hemostasis
d. Glycoprotein IIbIIIa is important for platelet to bind to other platelets
C is correct
Platlet Glycoprotein VI R: subendothelial collagen AND glycoprotein Ib R to collagen bound vWF Cox 1 --> TXA2 Glycoprotein IIbIIIa (AKA platelet integrin alphaIIbBeta3) binds fibrinogen which then binds other platelets (final common pathway for all agonists)
Which of the following is true regarding buccal mucosal bleeding time?
a.BMBT is the time from incision to the time of clot formation
b.BMBT reflects in vivo secondary hemostasis
c.BMBT is prolonged with thrombocytopenia, thrombopathia, and
vasculopathy
d.BMBT is not influenced by hematocrit or blood viscosity
C is correct
BMBT, incision to the time of cessation of bleeding, (primary)
influenced by hematocrit, blood viscosity, skin thickness, skin temperature, age, sex, and lag interoperator and introperator variability
Which is true regarding PT and aPTT?
a. Prolonged PT indicated defects in the intrinsic and/or common pathways
b. PT is not sensitive for vitamin K deficiency due to a prolonged half’life of factor VII
c. With a deficiency in a single factor, prolongation of PT or aPTT (factor
depending) can be seen with 40-50% of the factor present
d. In canines, point-of-care coagulometers sensitivity and specificity for aPTT and PT are 100% and 83% (aPTT) and 86% and 96% (PT)
D
aPTT–> intrinsic
(factor VII has a short half-life and therefore PT is very sensitive)
Single factor must be decreased to <25-30% of normal to prolong
Which of the following is FALSE regarding ACT?
a. It assesses intrinsic and common pathways
b. It is the time to first clot formation
c. Normal ACT is <110 seconds for the dog and <75 seconds for the cat
d. Testing in performed on citrate tube
D
False, tube with diatomaceous earth
Which aspect of clotting is the first to become critically reduced during hemodilution?
a. Platelets
b. Factor VIII
c. VWF
d. Fibrinogen
D fibrinogen
What does the hypofibrinogenemia lead to?
decreases thrombin formation as well as fibrin polymerization, thus decreasing the speed, strength, and stability of clot
formation
At what level of fibrinogen will a clot not form?
a.Below 50 mg/dL
Which aspect of clotting is affected by hypothermia?
a. Platelets
b. Factor VIII
c. VWF
d. Fibrinogen
A. platelets
What is the effect of acidemia on clotting?
- Acidemia increases fibrinogen degradation and impairs coagulation protein activity
- fXa-Va complex activity is decreased by 50% at pH 7.2, and by 70% at pH 7.0.242
- the coagulopathy is not reversed with correction of acidemia via buffer
administration
True or false: In humans, new-onset thrombocytopenia is an independent predictor of intensive care mortality, but the severity is NOT correlated to survival.
FALSE- severity is inversely related to survival
Which of the following statements is true?
a.The threshold of platelet count is reliably correlated with the amount of bleeding.
b.Secondary hemostasis defects are usually
characterized by echymoses and spontaneous bleeding from mucosal surfaces.
c.Petechiae are more typical of thrombocytopenia than of thrombopathia
d.Technical causes are rare of hemorrhage and do not occur in conjunction with coagulapthies.
C
(FALSE- it is not)
(NOPE- Primary hemostats)
(Secondary hemostasis usually characterized by hematomas or bleedings into cavities, muscles, joints)
Technical causes are common, and can happen with any problem
At what point is there a risk of hemorrhage?
a. PT and APTT prolongations that exceed 1.5 times control values
b. Platelets < 70,000/uL
c. All Dobermans
d. Hypertension above 180mmHg
A
below 50,000 will suffer operative bleeding
Which of the following is true?
a. Cryoprecipitate contains the more stable factors II, VII, IX, and X
b. FFP contains fVIII, vWF, fibrinogen and fibronectin
c. Cryosupernatent can be used as an alternative to FFP for vitamin K deficiency
d. Desmopressin only work by enhancing release of vWF
C
FFP: II,VII, IX, X
Cryoprecipitate: fVIII, vWF, fibrinogen and fibronectin
Desmopressin = synthetic vasopressin analogue via V2 receptors–> release of subendothelial vWF, ALSO factor VIII and plasminogen from endothelium
what is the most common congenital bleeding disorder in dogs?
a. Hemophillia A
b. Hemophillia B
c. vWD type 2
d. vWD type 1
D
Type I identified in > 50 breedspresence of ALL multimers, but decreased concentrations
Which statement is correct?
a. Type 1 vWD reduction in high molecular weight multimers
b. Type 2 vWD the presence of all multimers with reduction in low molecular weight multimers
c. Type 3 vWD near complete loss of all high molecular weight multimers
d. German short hairs and wire-hairs are common breeds to get type 2 vWD?
D
Type 2 disproportionate loss HIGH molecular weight multimers
type 3 quantitate deficiency with almost complete absence of vWF
Which is correct?
a. Hemophilia A is a deficiency with f9
b. Hemophilia B is a deficiency with f8
c. Hemophilias are recessive sex linked traits manifested in males
D. Devon Rex cats commonly get hemophilia A
C
A: fVIII
B: fIX
HemoA/B causes prolongation of aPTT
Devon Rex rare combined deficient of vitaminK-dependent coag f described
fXIII most common f def in cats-asymptomatic
What condition is NOT associated with thromboembolism?
a. Neoplasia
b. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
c. Diabetes mellitus
d. Pneumonia
D pneumonia
others include PLN, necrotizing pancreatitis, hyperadrenocorticism, corticosteroid therapy, infective endocarditis and dirofilariasis, atherosclerosis, sepsis
What does an increased amplitude in a TEG correspond to?
a. Platelet hyperaggregability
b. Enzymatic hyperactivity
c. Platelet dysfunction
d. Platelet hypoaggregability
A hyper-
hypercoagulability: increased G value, R and K values may be decreased and/or MA and alpha values increased
decreased R indicates enzymatic hyperactivity
What is the only laboratory marker proven to help in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism? a. TEG b. D-dimers c. FDP d. Fibrinogen assay
B. D dimers
sensitive test,
questionable if indicator of hypercoagulability or a predictor of thrombosis