20.Bx General Principles/25.Intro to Onc Sx Flashcards

1
Q
Which of the following is not a risk for needle core biopsies?
A Seeding of tumor cells
B Hemorrhage
C Inaccurate diagnosis
D Requires sedation
A

D

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2
Q

Which of the following is true about incisional biopsy?
• Incisional biopsy is preferred for superficial, ulcerated, and necrotic mass lesions
• Always orient your incision along the lines of tension.
• Hemorrhage is never a problem with incisional biopsy
• Including normal and abnormal is never helpful, as it can seed tumor cells sarcoma or OSA

A

A:TRUE get a better diagnosis than with punch or needle core bx

B (Considering differentials and potential treatment options will dictate the orientation … radiation
C (false, use horizontal mattress into the suture)
D (false, may aid in the diagnostic decision, but not recommended for ST

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3
Q
Which tumor suppression gene is the “guardian of the genome”?
•	■      A) Cdk2
•	■     B) P27
•	■     C) p53
•	■     D) E cycline
A

C p 53

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4
Q
What phase is not part of the Interphase?
•	■     A) S
•	■     B) G1
•	■     C) G2
•	■     D) M
A

M = mitosis

M → G1 → S phase for synthesis of strands double → G2 checkpoint → M phase

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5
Q
What phase does doubling of the DNA occur?
•	■     A) S
•	■     B)G1
•	■     C) G2
•	■     D) M
A

S

M → G1 → S phase for synthesis of strands double → G2 checkpoint → M phase

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6
Q
What percentage of canine tumors are telomerase positive?
•	A) 50-60%
•	B) 78-82%
•	C) 85-90%
•	D) 92-95%
A

D 92-95%

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7
Q

What is true:
• A) Round Cell common metastasize through hematogenous spread
• B) Carcinoma’s metastasize lymphatic spread
• C) Sarcoma’s metasize though lymphatic spread
• D) The premise if false, all of the above are false statements

A

B true

Metastasis
•round cell … lymphatic (think MCT)
•carcinomas – lymphatic
•sarcomas – hematogenous (think HSA)

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8
Q
How far does the tumor need to be from a capillary bed for continued growth?
•	A)	50-100 uM
•	B)    100-200 uM
•	C)	200-400 uM
•	D)	400-500 uM
A

B 100-200

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9
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding tumor imaging?
• CT is recommended for tumors of the axial skeleton
• MRI is recommended for intrabdominal and thoracic tumors
• MRI is recommended for central and peripheral nervous system neoplasia
• MRI has a higher resolution for soft tissues

A

B
false, intrathoracic is CT due to potential for respiratory motion.
MRI for intraabdominal and neuro

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10
Q

Which two are appropriately matched
• PET (positron emission tomography) utilizes a radiopharmaceutical called F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to highlight tumor cells
• PET gamma-ray–emitting radionuclides with a gamma camera that reconstructs images in cross- section
• single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) gamma-ray–emitting radionuclides with a gamma camera that reconstructs images in cross- section
• SPECT utilizes a radiopharmaceutical called F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to highlight tumor cells

A

PET with FDG

SPECT with gamma ray-emitting radionuclides

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11
Q

What are four techniques can be used to manage unplanned marginal resections:

A
  • (1) no treatment
  • (2) staging resection of the surgical wound
  • (3) wide resection of the surgical wound
  • (4) combination with radiation therapy or chemotherapy
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12
Q

Which is false?
• Staging resection of surgical wounds is an intermediary step used to determine whether tumor cells are truly present in the surgical field and, if so, to reveal the need for further therapy.
• Staging resection involves excision of the surgical wound with ≤10 mm margins
• Histologic evidence of incomplete resection generally indicates that evidence of residual tumor will be present following staging resection.
• Staging resection therefore can be used to determine whether animals need to be subjected to additional expensive, time-consuming, and potentially harmful treatments.

A

C is false

Despite histologic evidence of incomplete resection after the first surgery, 78% of soft tissue sarcomas have no evidence of residual tumor following staging resection, and hence do not require further treatment is required.

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13
Q

Which is false?
• Lymph node size is not an accurate predictor of metastasis.
• In one study of 100 dogs with oral malignant melanoma, 10% of dogs with normal-sized lymph nodes had metastasis.
• In the same study of 100 dogs with oral malignant melanoma, 49% of dogs with enlarged lymph nodes did not have metastasis.
• A fine needle aspirate is usually sufficient, but incisional or excisional biopsy is sometimes required.

A

B (40%)

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14
Q

Which of the following is false regarding recommended margins?
• Small intestinal tumors: 4 to 8 cm
• Appendicular or axial skeleton: 1 to 3 cm of healthy bone
• Grade 2 MCT < 5 cm in diameter: 1 cm
• Feline Vaccine-associated sarcomas 3 cm away will get 94% free of neoplasia

A

C False

Grade I - 1 cm and Grade II - 2 cm; metric distance for grade 3, or gRade I/II > 5 cm yet to be described

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15
Q

True or false: The ratio of sample to 10% formalin is 1:10.

A

True

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16
Q
Which of the following is the appropriate pair of immunohistochemistry stains?
•	CD18 + T-cell lymphoma 
•	Desmin + Rhadbomyosarcoma 
•	Vimentin + Carcinoma 
•	Ki-67 + Amelanotic melanoma
A

B (also leiomyosarcoma)

A (CD3 = T-cell lymphoma and CD18 for histiocytic tumor)
C (cytokeratin = carcinoma and vimentin - sarcoma or melanoma)
D (NSE or neuron-specific enolase for a. Mel. and ki- 67 for MCT, as well as PCNA)

17
Q

True or false: Canine skin has been shown to shrink in length and width by 13% and to increase in thickness by 32% compared with original dimension.

A

False (32% and 75.8%)

18
Q

Name 4 methods for a proto-oncogene to tranform into an oncogene

A
  1. retrovirus-mediated transduction
  2. translocation mutation
  3. Amplification
  4. Proviral insertion
19
Q

True/ False: Cytoplasmic kinases lead to production of membrane assoicated proteined that have key roles in relaying signals from cell surface/GF

A

False: RAS oncogenes –> membrane proteins etc.

Cytoplasmic kinases transmit signal from cell surface R thru cytoplasmato nucleus

20
Q

True/ false: Proteins oncogene Bcl-2 and caspases and tumor suppressor gene p53 need to be balanced for entry into apoptosis

A

True:
Entry in apoptosis depends on a balance, proteins like oncogene Bcl-2 and proapoptotic proteins like caspases and tumor suppressor gene P53

21
Q

What are 3 steps of metastasis?

A

Invasion –> intravasation–> implantation

detachment, migration, intravasation, survival of circulation, attachment, extravasation, angiogenesis, proliferation

22
Q

What size mets can be seen on rads vs CT

A

6mm vs 1mm

23
Q

How does Toceratinib work?

A

targets tyrosine kinase C-kit
• C-kit growth factor receptor is part of a group of receptors called PDGF receptors
o Kinases group= they phosphorylate amino acid residues via ATP-mediated rx

24
Q
After biopsy, the samples should be submitted in formalin within what period of time to minimize autolysis?
15 min
30min
1 hour
3 hours
A

B 30 min

25
Q
When sampling bone, where should the biopsy occur? How many samples are recommended?
Periphery; 1
Periphery; 2
Center of lesion; 1
Center of lesion; 2
A

D:

Center of lesion; 2 (at least; through same skin incision)

26
Q
What portion of the pancreas should be sampled when obtaining biopsies?
Right limb 
Body
Left limb
Location does not matter
A

A Right limb - away from pancreatic ducts & duodenal vasculature

27
Q

T/F: Cats with GI disease have an increased risk of complications associated with GI biopsies

A

FALSE – no literature to support this; hypoalbuminemia is a known risk factor

28
Q
obtain the sample? Cutting style needle, consists of a split needle design inserted through a cannula. When not constrained by the cannula, the split needle ends separate within the tissues....
Franklin-Miller biopsy needle
Franklin-Silverman biopsy needle
Silverman-Miller biopsy needle
Miller-Silverman biopsy needle
A

B

Franklin-Silverman biopsy needle

29
Q

What are 3 steps of a cell becoming malignant?

A

initiation –> promotion –> progression
not all initiated cells go on, must be exposed to promoting agent
progression when tumor gain ability to invade, angiogenesis, and met

30
Q
Which of the following does not commonly have a mutations in the p53?
A osteosarcoma
B mammary tumor
C lymphoma
D SCC
A

D SCC

31
Q

What is important for a tumor cell to degrade extracellular matrix?

A

Matrix metalloproteinases

32
Q
Which of the following is not beneficial to use nuclear scintigraphy?
A. Thyroid carcinoma
B. Osteosarcoma
C. Hepatocellular carcinoma
D. Insulinoma
A

C Liver
scintigraphy can be used for GFR to evaluate fxn prior to nephrectomy
Somatostatin receptor scans –> functional insulinoma
ectopic thyroid tissue

33
Q

what does TNM staging system stand for?

A

T primary tumor characteristics
N regional LN
M distant metastasis
other staging exists like I, II, III for splenic HSA (local, ruptured, metastatic)

34
Q

What are halstead’s principles important for onc sx?

A
gentle handling
aseptic
sharp dissection
hemostasis
dead space manage
avoid tension
35
Q

Where is marginal resection performed?

A

dissecting just peripheral to the tumor pseudocapsule in the reactive zone

36
Q

What is the purpose of metronomic chemotherapy?

A

control or minimize angiogenesis and invasion

37
Q
Which is not a cell cycle-specific drug?
A Vinca Alkaloids
B Alkylating agents
C Taxanes
D Nucleoside analogues
A

NON-cell cycle-specific=
(B) Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide, lomustine
Anthracyclines (Doxorubicin)
Platinum agents (carboplatin)