7B - Reproduction Flashcards
Reproduction produces….
offspring
How many parents are needed for sexual reproduction?
Two (one male and one female)
Offspring inherit features from…
Both parents
What is A?
Oviduct
What is B?
Ovary
What is C?
Uterus
What is D?
Cervix
What is E?
Vagina
What is A?
Bladder
What is B?
Glands
What is C?
Penis
What is D?
Sperm duct
What is E?
Urethra
What is F?
Testis
What is G?
Foreskin
What is H?
Scrotum
What are the 8 changes that occur in boys during puberty?
- Hair grows in under arms, on face and chest.
- Pubic hair grows
- Shoulders get wider
- Body smell increases
- Testes start to make sperm cells
- Testes and penis get bigger
- Voice deepens
What are the 6 changes that occur in girls during puberty?
- Hair grows under arms
- Pubic hair grows
- Hips get wider
- Body smell increases
- Ovaries start to release egg cells
- Breasts develop
What causes changes during puberty?
Sex hormones
What is adolescence?
The time when puberty is occuring and emotional changes happen. (from 10-15 to 18)
Between which ages does adolescence/puberty take place?
Starts between 10 and 15 and ends at about 18.
In whch sex does physical changes start earlier during puberty: in boys or girls?
In girls
Do men produce sperm cells after puberty?
Yes. they continue to produce sperm cells for the rest of their lives.
When do women stop producing egg cells? How is this called?
At the age of 45-55. This is called the menopause.
What happens during the menstrual cycle?
- Menstruation: loss of uterus lining and some blood through the vagina.
- 14 days after menstruation, ovulation occurs: an egg cell is released.
- If the egg is not fertilised after 16 days of ovulation, the cycle starts again.
What is ovulation?
When an egg cell is released.
When do sperm cells enter the vagina?
During sexual intercourse
What is semen?
A mixture of sperm cells and liquids from the glands.
What is ejaculation?
When semen is forced out of the penis and into the top of the vagina.
After ejaculation, and once inside the vagina, how does semen move?
Is moved into the top of the uterus and sperm cells swim down the oviduct.
How are sperm cells adapted to their function?
- The tip of the head contains chemicals which attack the coat of the egg to help the sperm to burrow inside.
- Nucleus contains half the instructions needed to make a human.
- Very little cytoplasm so that the cell can have a thin shape.
- The tail allows it to swim well.
How are egg cells adapted to their functions?
- Cytoplasm contains a store of food to provide energy for the fertiised egg cell.
- The nucleus contains half the instructions to make a new human.
- Has a jelly coat to ensure only one sperm cell can enter.
What is fertilisation?
When the nuclei from the sperm cell and the egg cell fuse.
Where does fertilisation occur?
In the oviduct.
What is an embryo?
A ball of cells that is created after the fertilised egg cell divides to create more cells.
What is implantation?
When an embryo sinks into the soft lining of the uterus.
When does the embryo develop all of its organs (and therefore is called a foetus)?
after 10 weeks.
How much time does it take for a fertilised egg cell to grow into a baby ready to be bron? How is thsi time called?
40 weeks (9 months). It is called the gestation period.
How is it call when fertilised eggs develop outside their parents?
(this doesn’t happen in humans)
External development.
Name an animal that uses external development
Frogs
Do humans use external or internal development?
Internal development
Why do animals that use internal development produce fewer offspring than animals that use external development?
The growig offspring are protected inside their mother.
What supplies the foetus with oxygen and food while it is inside the uterus?
The placenta
What does the placenta do?
Supplies the foetus with oxygen and food and gets rid of waste (like CO2) from the foetus.
What connects the foetus with the placenta?
The umbilical chord
What may happen to the baby if the mother smokes, drinks too much alcohol or takes drugs when pregnant?
The baby might be premature and/or born with damage.
What does it mean if a baby is premature?
It is born too early and not fully developed.
What is A?
Placenta.
What is B?
Amnion
What is C?
Amniotic fluid (protects the foetus)
What is D?
Foetus
What is E?
Umbilical chord
How is a baby born?
- Uterus starts contractions and the woman goes into labour.
- The muscles of the cervix relax.
- The baby is pushed out head first through the cervix and the vagina.
What happens to the umbilical chord after birth?
It is cut.
How is the scar left behind after the birth called?
The navel.
What is the name given for when the placenta is pushed out of the uterus?
The afterbirth.
What produces milk to feed the baby?
Mammary glands in the mother’s breasts.
What does the milk to feed a baby contain?
- Nutrients
- Water
- Antibodies that help destroy microbes that might cause disease.
