7.2 Transport in mammals Flashcards
What is the circulatory system?
complex network of blood vessels along with a pump and valves that ensure one-way flow
The circulatory system is also known as?
Cardiovascular system
What are the two parts of the double circulatory system
circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs
circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body tissues
What is the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is known as?
Pulmonary circulation
What is the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body is known as?
Systemic circulation
The heart is divided into how many chambers
four chambers
Name all the chambers (4)
Right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
Describe the Vena Cava
Largest vein in the body
returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart from the body
Describe the right atrium
collects the deoxygenated blood before contracting to pump the blood to the right ventricle
Describe the right ventricle
Walls of the ventricle contract with force, pumping blood out of the heart to the lungs
less muscular than left ventricle as less pressure
less pressure than left ventricle
Describe the left atrium
collects the oxygenated blood before contracting to pump the blood to left ventricle
Describe left ventricle
very muscular
high pressure
contracts to pump blood out of the heart to the rest of the body.
What are the advantages of Double Circulation? (2)
Prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, maintaing the concetration gradient for diffusion
Enables a difference in pressure between blood being pumped to the lungs vs blood pumped around the body.
Why is the pressure of blood being pumped to the lungs lower than the rest of the body? (2)
Only travels short distance
prevents damage to the thin walls of the capillary
Exchange of gas passively occurs by _____
diffusion
Good blood flow helps to maintain concetration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
True or False
True
Describe the pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispose wate products
describe the pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart
Describe the aorta
largest artery whcih carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s cells
What is the job of the one way valve?
to prevent backflow of blood
Definition of heart
muscular organ that pumps blood by expanding in size as it fills with blood, and then contracting, forcing the blood on its way through the blood vessels
Define septum
muscular wall that seperates the left and the right side of the heart
define coronary vein
carries deoxygenated blood back to the chambers of the heart
Define coronary artery
Delivers oxygenated blood to the heart muscles
What is heart rate?
measure of how frequently the heart beats, usually beats per minutes (BPM)
Name two ways of measuring heart rate
feeling for a pulse point
listening to the heart
What is the “lub dup” sound created when you listen to your heart
valves opening and closing
Define pulse rate
expantion and relaxtion of the artery wall as blood passes through it
What does each pulse represent?
contraction of the ventricles
Why may resting heart rate vary?
age (children have faster average heart rate than adults)
fitness (more athletic person has lower heart rate because their heart contains more muscles and can pump out more blood with each contraction)
illness (infection can raise resting heart rate some diseases slow resting heart rate)
drugs (some drugs can change the heart rate)
What are the 4 components of blood?
Plasma
Red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
Describe plasma
yellow liquid that blood cells are suspended in
mainly consists of water, which makes it a good solvent for substances
carries materials like soluble nutrients, ions, hormones, wastes like carbon dioxide and minerals throughout the body
Describe red blood cells
cells specialised for carrying oxygen around the body and carbon dioixde to the lungs
biconcave shape
rich in protein called hemglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that transports oxygen and gives them their red colour
Describe the white blood cells (not their different types) (2)
known as leukocytes
part of the immune system that help the body fight against diseases
What are the two types of white blood cells? (2)
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
what is the funtion of phagocytes?
defend the body against pathogens through phagocytosis (process twhere the phagocytes surround any pathogens in the blood and engulf them)
What is the function of lymphocytes?
Defend the body against specific pathogens through antibody production
Describe the platelets (2)
small fragments of much larger cells
important in protecting the body from infections by causing blood to clot when there is damage to a blood vessel
Where does the coronary heart disease occur
coronary artery
How does the blockage of coronary artery occur
layers of cholestrol are deposited on the inner linings of the coronary artery, forming a plaque
What can partial blockage of the coronary artery cause (2)
Heart pains
high blood pressure
what does a full blockage of the coronary artery cause
heart attack
How might parts of the plaque breaking open cause a heart attack?
when parts of the plaque breaks open, blood clot is formed by the platelets on the spot where the plaque was. this might result in the coronary artery being fully blocked, which will cause a heart attack
Factors wich increase the risk of a blockage in the coronary artery
diet- high levels of saturated fats in a diet may caus increased deposits of cholestrol
smoking- chemicals in tabacco smoke that pass into the blood can damage the delicate linings of arteries, and cholestrol is more likely to be laid down at these points
genes
age
gender
Describe the artery (5)
carries blood away from the heart
high pressure (contraction of muscular ventricles pump blood out of the heart with force)
narrow lumen (withstand high pressure)
elastic and thick walls (withstand high pressure)
no valves (high pressure, doesn’t backflow)
Describe the veins (5)
carry blood towards the heart
low pressure (loses most of its force from the initial pump by the ventricles)
wide lumen (low pressure)
thin walls (low pressure)
has valves (to prevent backflow of blood)
Describe the capillaries
links the veins and the arteries (site of exhange)
low pressure
very narrow lumen (capillaries can fit into small spaces throughout the body)
very thin, one cell thick (reduce distance for diffusion, increased efficiency)
no valves
What happens at the capillary
exchange of materials
oxygen, nutrients
waste products
Name of the blood vessel that goes to the kidney from the heart
Renal artery
Name of the blood vessel that goes from the kidney to the heart
Renal vein
