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Biology > 7.2 Transport in mammals > Flashcards

7.2 Transport in mammals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

complex network of blood vessels along with a pump and valves that ensure one-way flow

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2
Q

The circulatory system is also known as?

A

Cardiovascular system

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the double circulatory system

A

circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs

circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body tissues

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4
Q

What is the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is known as?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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5
Q

What is the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body is known as?

A

Systemic circulation

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6
Q

The heart is divided into how many chambers

A

four chambers

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7
Q

Name all the chambers (4)

A

Right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

left ventricle

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8
Q

Describe the Vena Cava

A

Largest vein in the body

returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart from the body

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9
Q

Describe the right atrium

A

collects the deoxygenated blood before contracting to pump the blood to the right ventricle

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10
Q

Describe the right ventricle

A

Walls of the ventricle contract with force, pumping blood out of the heart to the lungs

less muscular than left ventricle as less pressure

less pressure than left ventricle

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11
Q

Describe the left atrium

A

collects the oxygenated blood before contracting to pump the blood to left ventricle

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12
Q

Describe left ventricle

A

very muscular

high pressure

contracts to pump blood out of the heart to the rest of the body.

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13
Q

What are the advantages of Double Circulation? (2)

A

Prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, maintaing the concetration gradient for diffusion

Enables a difference in pressure between blood being pumped to the lungs vs blood pumped around the body.

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14
Q

Why is the pressure of blood being pumped to the lungs lower than the rest of the body? (2)

A

Only travels short distance

prevents damage to the thin walls of the capillary

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15
Q

Exchange of gas passively occurs by _____

A

diffusion

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16
Q

Good blood flow helps to maintain concetration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

True or False

A

True

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17
Q

Describe the pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispose wate products

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18
Q

describe the pulmonary vein

A

carries oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart

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19
Q

Describe the aorta

A

largest artery whcih carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s cells

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20
Q

What is the job of the one way valve?

A

to prevent backflow of blood

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21
Q

Definition of heart

A

muscular organ that pumps blood by expanding in size as it fills with blood, and then contracting, forcing the blood on its way through the blood vessels

22
Q

Define septum

A

muscular wall that seperates the left and the right side of the heart

23
Q

define coronary vein

A

carries deoxygenated blood back to the chambers of the heart

24
Q

Define coronary artery

A

Delivers oxygenated blood to the heart muscles

25
Q

What is heart rate?

A

measure of how frequently the heart beats, usually beats per minutes (BPM)

26
Q

Name two ways of measuring heart rate

A

feeling for a pulse point

listening to the heart

27
Q

What is the “lub dup” sound created when you listen to your heart

A

valves opening and closing

28
Q

Define pulse rate

A

expantion and relaxtion of the artery wall as blood passes through it

29
Q

What does each pulse represent?

A

contraction of the ventricles

30
Q

Why may resting heart rate vary?

A

age (children have faster average heart rate than adults)

fitness (more athletic person has lower heart rate because their heart contains more muscles and can pump out more blood with each contraction)

illness (infection can raise resting heart rate some diseases slow resting heart rate)

drugs (some drugs can change the heart rate)

31
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

Plasma

Red blood cells

white blood cells

platelets

32
Q

Describe plasma

A

yellow liquid that blood cells are suspended in

mainly consists of water, which makes it a good solvent for substances

carries materials like soluble nutrients, ions, hormones, wastes like carbon dioxide and minerals throughout the body

33
Q

Describe red blood cells

A

cells specialised for carrying oxygen around the body and carbon dioixde to the lungs

biconcave shape

rich in protein called hemglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that transports oxygen and gives them their red colour

34
Q

Describe the white blood cells (not their different types) (2)

A

known as leukocytes

part of the immune system that help the body fight against diseases

35
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells? (2)

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

36
Q

what is the funtion of phagocytes?

A

defend the body against pathogens through phagocytosis (process twhere the phagocytes surround any pathogens in the blood and engulf them)

37
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Defend the body against specific pathogens through antibody production

38
Q

Describe the platelets (2)

A

small fragments of much larger cells

important in protecting the body from infections by causing blood to clot when there is damage to a blood vessel

39
Q

Where does the coronary heart disease occur

A

coronary artery

40
Q

How does the blockage of coronary artery occur

A

layers of cholestrol are deposited on the inner linings of the coronary artery, forming a plaque

41
Q

What can partial blockage of the coronary artery cause (2)

A

Heart pains

high blood pressure

42
Q

what does a full blockage of the coronary artery cause

A

heart attack

43
Q

How might parts of the plaque breaking open cause a heart attack?

A

when parts of the plaque breaks open, blood clot is formed by the platelets on the spot where the plaque was. this might result in the coronary artery being fully blocked, which will cause a heart attack

44
Q

Factors wich increase the risk of a blockage in the coronary artery

A

diet- high levels of saturated fats in a diet may caus increased deposits of cholestrol

smoking- chemicals in tabacco smoke that pass into the blood can damage the delicate linings of arteries, and cholestrol is more likely to be laid down at these points

genes

age

gender

45
Q

Describe the artery (5)

A

carries blood away from the heart

high pressure (contraction of muscular ventricles pump blood out of the heart with force)

narrow lumen (withstand high pressure)

elastic and thick walls (withstand high pressure)

no valves (high pressure, doesn’t backflow)

46
Q

Describe the veins (5)

A

carry blood towards the heart

low pressure (loses most of its force from the initial pump by the ventricles)

wide lumen (low pressure)

thin walls (low pressure)

has valves (to prevent backflow of blood)

47
Q

Describe the capillaries

A

links the veins and the arteries (site of exhange)

low pressure

very narrow lumen (capillaries can fit into small spaces throughout the body)

very thin, one cell thick (reduce distance for diffusion, increased efficiency)

no valves

48
Q

What happens at the capillary

A

exchange of materials

oxygen, nutrients

waste products

49
Q

Name of the blood vessel that goes to the kidney from the heart

A

Renal artery

50
Q

Name of the blood vessel that goes from the kidney to the heart

A

Renal vein

Biology (13 decks)

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