6 Balanced diet and other stuff Flashcards
What is balanced diet
includes all of the nutrients needed for cells and tissues to function proerply
Function of protein
growth and repair
Name and explain the deficiency of protein (3)
Kwashiorkor - severe form of protein malnutrition.
people with kwashiorkor get enough energy from their good but their diet does not contain enough protein
Body begins to swell because too much liquid stays in body.
Good food souirces of proteins
egg, milk products, fish
What is marasmus
caused by inadequate intake of energy of all nutrients
What is calcium needed for (3)
strong teeth and bones
helpes with muscle contraction
helps with nervce transmission
good sources of calcium
milk and eggs
What is iron needed for
needed to make hemoglobins in the red blood cells
Good source of iron
read meats, liver, kidneys, green vegetables
Name and explain iron deficiency
Anaemia - red blood cells are smaller than normal and there’s less of them, causing tiredness
Name and explain iron deficiency
Anaemia - red blood cells are smaller than normal and there’s less of them, causing tiredness
Name the deficiency of calcium
rickets
What is Vitamin C needed for (4)
healthy skin,
teeth
gums
helps form blood vessels
Good source of vitamin C
citurs fruit, green vegetables
Name + explain the deficiency of vitamin C
Scurvy - causes swelling and bleeding of gums
What is vitamin D needed for
strong bones and teeth
Good source of VItamin D
fish, eggs, liver, cheese, and milk
Name + explain Vitamin D deficiency
rickets - person cannot absorb and use the calcium they need, leading to soft bones and curved leg bones
What is fibre needed for
adds bulk to food so that it can be easily moved along the digestive system
good source of fibre
brown rice, nuts
Name + explain fibre deficiency
Constipation - difficulty in emptying that rectum
What is water needed for
needed for almost every process in the body
Good source of water
water, veggetables, fruits
Name water deficiency (2)
dehydration
constipation
What is carbohydrates needed for
can be broken down into simple sugars for use in respiration, releasing energy and enabling all life processes to take place
Good source of carbohydrates
rice, bread, potqatoes, pasta
Name + explain deficiency of carbohydrates
Ketotsis - when body burns fats for energy instead of glucose, occurs when carbohydrate intake is low
What are lipids(fats) used for
used to make cell membranes, isulation, protection of organs
is an energy store to supply molecules for respiration, if the diet does not contain enough energy for daily needs
Good sources of lipids (fats)
meat, butter, cheee, milk, oily fish
name deficiency of lipids (fats)
hair loss rashes
How does malnutrition occur
dietary inbalance
How does starvation occur (3)
Too little energy provided by the diet
body start to break down its energy stores
Initialy uses fat stores, but when those run out the body start to break down muscle tissue for respiration
define ingestion
taking in of substances
Define digestion
breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, water soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes
Define absorption
movement of digested fodo molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood
Assimilation
movement of digested food molecules into cells, where they can be used to produce other molecules or in respiration
Define egestion
passing out of food that has not been digested, faeces through the anus
Define mechanical digestion
braekdown of food into smaller PIECES without chemical change to the food molecules
Define chemical digestion
the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules
how does mechanical digestion adn chemical digestion work together in the body
mechanical digestion creates a greater surface area for enzyems to chemically digest food molecules into smaller soluble molecuels that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
function of mouth
site of ingestion where mechanical digestion starts. the teeth breaks down food into smaller pieces
Function of salivary glands (2)
produces liquid saliva, which moistens food so that it can easily be swallowed.
Contains enzyme aylase, which starts to chemically break down the starch in food
Function of oesophagus
bolus moved from mouth to stomach along the oesophagus by waves of mucscle contraction called peristasis
Define bolus
each lump of swallowed and chewed food
Function of stomach (2)
food is mixed with enzyme and acid
Movements of muscular wall churn up food into liquid
Function of liver (2)
makes bile
helps assimilate glucose from blood into liver cells where it is stored as glycogen
Function of gall bladder
stores bile from the liver; bile is passed along the bile duct into the small intestine where it neutralises the stomach acid in the food
Function of pancreas
produces and secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
(carbohydrase, protease, lipase)
Function of small intestine (2)
secretions from the gall bladder and pancreas enter the first part of the small intestine to complete the process of digestion
digested food molecules and water are absorbed in the second part of the small intestine
Function of large intestine
water is absorbed from the remaining material
function of rectum
any parts of the food which can’t be digested are stored as faeces, before being egested via the anus
Function of bile
helps to neutralize the acidic mixture of food and gastric juice entering the first part of the small intestine, enabling a suitable pH for enzyme action
Emulsifies fats, increasing surface area by breaking fats into smaller droplets (mechanical digestion), helping lipase chemmically digest the fat to fatty acids and glycerol
What are villis
structural adaptation of the small intestine that increase the interanl surface area available for absorption of small soluble molecules produced by digestion in the small intestine
Adaptations of the small villi for increase rate of diffusion (3)
short diffusuion distance - one cell thick so they don’t have to travel far to be absorbed into the blood in the capillaries in the villi
well supplied with blood capillaries, taking absorbed molecules from the small intestine to the rest of the body and supplying fresh blood
contains lacteals, which carry fat droplets seperately from the rest of the food molecules as fat doesn’t dissolve wel in blood
Name + explain the 4 different tooth types (4)
incisiors - chisel shaped for cutting food
canines - sharp and pointy for tearing food
premolars - combine features of canines and molars, not flat surface but not pointy also
molars - broad, flat surface for crushing and grinding food
What are the two parts of the tooth structure + explain (2)
crown - part of the tooth that is visible above the gum
root - part that olds the tooth in the gum
Incisors and canines poses a single root
true or false
true
premolars and molars poses two roots per tooth
true or false
true
Explain enamel (3)
outer white layer of the tooth
hardest part of the tooth
protects the softer, yellower dentine beneath
Explain dentine (2)
softer than enamel
surroudns and connects to the pulp
Explain pulp (2)
forms centre of the tooth
mixture of blood vessels and nerves
Explain cementum
connects tooth to jawline
Explain tooth decay (4)
mainly caused by sugar
plaque (sticky film of bacteria) builds up on tooth
bacteria use sugar as food for ceullular respiration
bacteria release acid as wasteproduct, beginning to erode the enamel and cause dentine to be exposed
3 ways to preven ttooth decay (3)
brush regulary
flossing
avoid foods high in sugar
