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Biology > 10 Reproduction > Flashcards

10 Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

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2
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction (3)

A

Only one parent required

large number of organisms can be produced in a short time

offsprings are identical, so should survive well in the conditions in which parents grow

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3
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction (2)

A

Lack of variation means that any adverse change in conditions will affect all

offsprings do not vary so they are not suited to moving away and exploiting environments with different conditions

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4
Q

What is a gamete

A

sex cell

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5
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote and the production of offsprings that are genetically different from each other

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6
Q

is gamete haploid or diploid

A

haploid

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7
Q

Is zygote haploid or diploid

A

diploid

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8
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Variety in offsprings
- produce individuals that may be better adpated to different conditions, increasing chance of survival of species

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9
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction (2)

A

requires second parent for fertilisation

The need to find a mate means that sexual reproduction takes longer to produce offspring than asexual

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10
Q

What is fertilisation

A

nucelus of a male gamete fuses with the nucelus of a female gamete to form a zygote

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11
Q

The functions of the key parts of an insect-pollinated flower (5)

A

sepal - help to protect the growing flower and stop it from drying out

petal - brightly coloured to attract insects and animals to pollinate the plant

Anther - produces plant gametes (pollen)

Stigma - covered in a sticky, waxy layer that traps the pollen of other plants.

Ovary - contains an ovule (a gamete)

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12
Q

What are the male parts of a flower called and what do they contain

A

Collevtively called Stamen

contains an anther and filament

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13
Q

What are the female parts of a flower called and what do they contain

A

Collectively called Carpel

contains the stigma, style, and the ovary

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14
Q

Define pollination

A

transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

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15
Q

Features of wind - pollinated plants (9)

A

Small petal - to not obstruct pollen dispersal

inconspicuous petals

no scent

no nectaries

many anthers which are often large and hang outside the flower so that pollen is easily dispersed

pollen grains have smooth outer walls

stigmas are large and feathery, often hang outside the flower to trap pollen

produce large amounts of pollen

pollen is lightweight

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16
Q

Features of insect - pollinated plants (9)

A

large petals for insects to land on

brightly coloured petals to attract insects

often scented to attract insects

nectaries present at the base of the flower produce a sugary liquid to attract insects

a few small anthers, usually held inside the flower

pollen grains have sticky or spiky outer walls

stigmas are small and held inside the flower

produce smaller amounts of pollen

pollen is heavier

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17
Q

When does fertilisation in plants occur

A

when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

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18
Q

Define germination

A

when the seed coat breaks open and the embryo starts to grow and develop into a new plant

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19
Q

What are the 3 environmental conditions needed for successful germination (3)

A

Temperature

Water - Swell seed and burst seed coat

Oxygen - respiration

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20
Q

What is more water needed for during germination (4)

A

Activation of hormones an enzymes

hydrolysis of storage compounds, eg: conversion of starch to glucose

Transport of materials to be used for respiration and growth

Metabolic reactions and enzyme actions that occur in solution

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21
Q

Where is sperm produced

A

tesetes

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22
Q

Why are the testes supported outside the body in the scrotum (2)

A

Keep tests cool

at high temperatures, fewer sperm are produced

23
Q

Purpose of sperm duct

A

carry sperm from the testes to the penis

24
Q

Purpose of prostate gland and seminal vesicles

A

produce liquid called semen

25
Q

Purpose of of semen

A

fluid that allow sperm to swim in

26
Q

Define urethra

A

A tube that allows the passage of semen and urine through the centre of the penis.

27
Q

Explain the pathway of sperm

A

Sperm produce in testicles —-> go up sperm duct —> receive fluid from seminal vesicle and prostate gland, creating a mixture called semen —> go out the urethra

28
Q

Which female organ produces the eggs

A

ovaries

29
Q

Define penis

A

transfers semen to vagina during sexual intercourse

30
Q

Define oviducts

A

transfers egg to uterus and the site of fertilisation

31
Q

Define uterus

A

where the fetus develops

32
Q

Define cervix (2)

A

ring of muscle at the opening of the uterus

Produces mucus which changes during menstrual cycle, allowing sperm to pass through at some times and not others

33
Q

Define vagina

A

receives penis during sexual
intercourse

34
Q

Features of sperm (4)

A

Contains a small sac of enzymes called the acrosome

Contains nucleus for DNA

contains flagellum to beat back and forth to move the sperm cell

contains mitochondria to provide energy from respiration for flagellum movement

35
Q

How does the egg cell move

A

wafted along the oviduct by cilia

36
Q

Features of egg cell

A

nucleus

cytoplasm

Jelly coat

37
Q

Purpose of cytoplasm in egg cell

A

provides nutrients for the dividing zygote after fertilisation

38
Q

What does the jelly coat in the egg cell do

A

protects the egg celll

39
Q

What does jelly coat do after fertilisation in egg cell

A

After fertilisation by one sperm, the jelly coat changes to an impenetrable barrier

40
Q

Define ovulation

A

phase of the female menstrual cycle that involves the release of an egg (ovum) from one of the ovaries.

41
Q

Where does fertilisation take place

A

oviduct

42
Q

Where does the fertilised egg (zygote) travel to

A

uterus

43
Q

Describe the early development of the fetus (3)

A

zygote divide several times to form a ball of 64 cells, known as an embryo

In the uterus, the embryo embeds in the thickened lining (implantation) and cell division and growth continues

For the first three months, the embryo gets nutrients from mother by diffusion through the uterus lining

44
Q

Where does the fetus develop

A

in a bag of fluid called amniotic fluid inside the uterus

45
Q

Where is the amniotic fluid produced

A

produced from amniotic membrane that forms the outer layer of the amniotic sac

46
Q

Purpose of amniotic fluid (2)

A

mechanical damage

reduces effect the effect of large temperature variations that would affect the rate of development of the fetus

47
Q

When does birth occur

A

When all the organs of the fetus are fully developed

48
Q

Purpose of placenta

A

allows exchange of materials between the mother and fetus

49
Q

Purpose of umbilical cord

A

carries blood vessels of the fetus

Joins fetus to the placenta

50
Q

Reasons for the structure of placenta (2)

A

Placenta and uterus run close to each other but do not touch. Materials and fetal blood do not mix. If they did the higher blood pressure in the mother could damage the fetus

Prevent pathogens and some chemicals getting into the blood of the fetus. Some pathogens like nicotine are small enough to cross through placenta

51
Q

How does fetus get Dissolved food molecules, oxygen, and other nutrients needed for growth

A

diffuses from the mother’s blood into the blood of the fetus

52
Q

How are waste products from metabolism disposed

A

fetus’s blood diffuse across into the mother’s blood

53
Q

hugh

A

Biology (13 decks)

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