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M7 > 7.17 Aircraft handling and storage > Flashcards

7.17 Aircraft handling and storage Flashcards

1
Q

What is aircraft taxiing?

A

Controlled movement of an aircraft on the ground, using its own power, during the pre- flight and post- flight phases of operation

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2
Q

How is the aircraft steered during towing operations?

A

hydraulically trough the use of the towing bar/ arm attached to the nose wheel of the aircraft

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3
Q

What three things does marshalling do?

A
  • Ensures smooth flow of traffic
  • minimises risk of collisions
  • facilitates safe positioning of aircraft
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4
Q

Where should the marshaller be for fixed wing aircraft?

A

on the left side, where best seen by the pilot

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5
Q

Where should a marshaller be for a helicopter?

A

Where a marshaller can best be seen by the pilot

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6
Q

What provides the signals to be used by a marshaller?

A

ICAO Annex 2 (rules of the air)

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7
Q

What are the qualification requirements of a marshaller?

A
  • trained
  • qualified
  • authorised by the local authority approved organisation
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8
Q

What does the marshaller need to wear/ use for visibility?

A
  • distincitve fluorescent vest
  • daylight: fluorescent coloured wands, table tenis bats or gloves
  • night or low visibility: illuminated wands
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9
Q

What is the turn left signal?

A

With right arm and wand extended at a 90-degree angle to body, make ‘come ahead’ signal with left hand.

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10
Q

How many engines need to be running for taxiing?

A
  • normally all
  • in exceptional circumstances you can taxi with one
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11
Q

How is the steering nose- wheel steering system controlled?

A

by a hand wheel to a max steering angle of +/- 70 degrees

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12
Q

What is used for taxi steering if nose- wheel steering isn’t available?

A

differential use of LH and RH landing gear wheel brakes

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13
Q

What lights must be one during taxiing and towing?

A

Nav lights and beacons

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14
Q

How are aircraft with tail wheels generally towed?

A
  • Attaching the towbar to the main landing gear
  • Towing in reverse can be done by attaching the towbar to the tail wheel axle
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15
Q

What has to be done when an aircraft with a tail wheel is towed?

A

Tail wheel must be unlocked or the locking mechanism might break

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16
Q

How is the towbar attached to aircraft with tricycle landing gear?

A

Towed forward by attaching it to the axle of the nosewheel

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17
Q

What acts as a shock absorber in towing bars to avoid snatching movements being transmitted to the aircraft structure?

A
  • Normally a large spring
  • A shear pin prevents excessive loads between the tractor and NLG
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18
Q

How are towing bars stopped from being drawn behind the towing vehicle or in to the aircraft?

A

They have small wheels that are raised and lowered hydraulically by a hand pump

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19
Q

What are the most common towbars?

A
  • Multi- head towbars
  • Allows the operator to swap out the head attachments to suit a variety of aircraft
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20
Q

How does the towbarless tug work?

A

Uses hydraulic actuators to support the landing gear nose and lift it completely off the ground

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21
Q

What are two advantages of remote control tugs?

A
  • No tractor and towbar length so provide increased parking in hangars
  • Increases flexibility as the tug can be placed behind the nose wheel to steer from underneath the belly instead of in front of the wheels
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22
Q

Why may bridles be used to tow the aircraft?

A
  • if the ground is to bumpy and will strain the NLG too much
  • the bridles are attached to each MLG
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23
Q

How should steering be done when towing using bridles?

A

Attach a steering arm to the nose wheel (rather than differential movement of the tugs)

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24
Q

When should a tail walker be assigned?

A

When sharp turns are to be made or if the aircraft has to reverse

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25
Q

What are the locking scissors set to on a steerable nosewheel for towing?

A

locking scissors are set to full swivel

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26
Q

Where is the manufacturers maximum turning angle usually found?

A

Painted on the NLG shock strut

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27
Q

What should you do as soon as an aircraft has been parked in a hangar?

A

Statically ground it

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28
Q

What tests are performed on jacks?

A
  • gear retraction
  • extension
  • free fall tests
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29
Q

What type of jack is used for wheel changes?

A

Axle/ bottle jack

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30
Q

What jack is used for arc lifts?

A
  • Bipod jacks
  • A hydraulic unit has two fixed legs and one adjustable leg
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31
Q

What is a tripod jack used for?

A
  • used for lifting the entire aircraft up, vertical lifts
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32
Q

What are the three core parts of tripod jacks?

A

a tubular steel tripod strucutre with:
- caster wheels
- hydraulic cylinder
- hydraulic pump assembly

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33
Q

How many inches should the hand wheel safety nut be away from the top of the jack when raising or lowering aircraft jacks?

A

1 inch

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34
Q

What do the safety devices on jacks prevent?

A

Prevents the rams moving down inside the jack body incase of a hydraulic system failure

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35
Q

What ATA chapter contains info on jacking?

A

ATA chapter 7

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36
Q

When jacking an aricraft up, how many turns from the jack body should the collar be wound own?

A

two to three turns is generally acceptable

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37
Q

What is attached to lighter aircraft to anchor is to the hangar floor?

A

A tie down ring at the rear fuselage anchors the empennage down

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38
Q

What needs to be done to the wheels not being raised when using an axle jack?

A
  • chocks must be placed fore and aft of them
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39
Q

What is the first operation when dejacking an aircraft?

A

Raise the collars a few turns so the jack rams can contract in to the jack body

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40
Q

How many people must operate each jack on larger aircraft?

A

Two people

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41
Q

Where are pinch points on aircraft jacks?

A

between the top of the jack and the threads on the ram

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42
Q

What can be used for additional stability during jacking?

A
  • tail stand
  • Nose stand
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43
Q

What is shoring?

A
  • Also known as trestling
  • Supports the aircraft and relieves stresses
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44
Q

What devices might an aircraft have to show the aircrafts level during jacking?

A
  • spirit level
  • plumb bob
    D4 position corresponds to longitudinal angle of 0 degrees
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45
Q

What must be done to chocks when refuelling?

A

moved out

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46
Q

How do you determine which direction the aircraft is parked and tied down?

A

Prevailing the forecasted wind direction

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47
Q

What direction is the aircraft parked in relative to the wind?

A

Parked in to the wind

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48
Q

How much slack must be provided to manila ropes when using them to tie down smaller aircraft?

A

25mm/ 1 inch

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49
Q

How can heavy aircraft be tied down?

A

use of rope or wire

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50
Q

How many tiedowns are used to secure heavy aircraft?

A

as much needed depending on weather conditions

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51
Q

What is “mooring”?

A

Securing the aircraft

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52
Q

What ATA chapter is parking and storage under?

A

ATA chapter 10

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53
Q

Where are protection devices required during storage/ parking of aircraft?

A
  • inlet and exhaust ducts of APU
  • sensors and probes
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54
Q

What are the normal maintenance tasks for a return to service up to 2 days?

A
  • safety devices and blanks removed
  • any system deactivated for parking is to be activated
  • visual inspection for damage and leaks to be done
  • sign off the original entry in the logbook
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55
Q

What can be done to help prevent microbiological corrosion in fuel tanks?

A

Fuel tanks can be filled to full

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56
Q

When should visual inspections be done if an aircraft is parked for more than 2 days?

A

at seven and 15 day intervals

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57
Q

How can the deterioration of main wheel assemblies be prevented?

A

cover them

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58
Q

What aircraft components might require functional tests during parking?

A
  • Nose wheel steering
  • Braking systems
  • Engine and APU
  • air conditioning systems
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59
Q

What position must the THS be set to during parking?

A

Neutral

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60
Q

What is a disadvantage of using adhesive tape?

A

discolouration of the aircraft paint or transfer of colours

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61
Q

What can fuel tanks fuel be mixed with to prevent microbiological corrosion?

A

can be mixed with inhibitors

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62
Q

When must tyre inflation pressures be checked? (parking)

A

For periods longer than 20 months.

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63
Q

Parking: What do weekly checks consist of?

A
  • visuals for leakage and any evidence of bird nests
64
Q

Parking: What must be done in addition to weekly checks during bi-weekly checks?

A
  • Move aircraft to prevent brinelling of main wheel bearings
  • check pressure extension of landing gear oleos
65
Q

Parking: What must be done during one month checks, in addition to the weekly and bi weekly?

A
  • opening all doors (including cargo compartmnts) and reapplying protective greases to door seals
  • Operating air conditioning system via low or high pressure ground connections to remove moisture
  • test of av systems
  • testing of ice protection systems
66
Q

What two categories do aviation fuels fall in to?

A
  • aviation gasoline
  • turbine fuels
67
Q

How is AVGAS graded?

A

by their octane number

68
Q

What is the octane number of fuel?

A

Fuels ability to resist knocking.
Higher the number, the better it is at resisting the knock.

69
Q

What are the different grades of AVGAS?

A

80- RED
100 - GREEN
100LL (low lead) - BLUE

70
Q

What type of aircraft is AVGAS used in?

A

Piston engine aircraft

71
Q

what are the types of turbine fuels w their freeze points?

A

Jet A: -40°C
Jet A-1: -47°C
Jet B: -50°C

72
Q

What colour are turbine fuels?

A

colourless or light straw colour

73
Q

How high can refuelling pressure be?

A

50 psi

74
Q

What is the maximum defuel pressure?

A

11 psi

75
Q

What can the refuelling rate be as high as?

A

1000 gallons (4546L) per minute

76
Q

What is the most commonly used refuelling method for larger aircraft with a single point fuelling system?

A

pressure refuelling

77
Q

What are the advantages of pressure refuelling?

A
  • decreased time to refuel
  • limits contamination
  • reduces chances of static electricity igniting the fuel
78
Q

How is pressure refuelling carried out?

A

With refueling receptacles in the leading edge

79
Q

Can fuel from pressure defuelling be put in to another aircraft?

A

NO, must be put in to a defuel bowser
But different companies have different rules

80
Q

What are two essential safety precautions when refuelling or defuelling?

A
  • grounding and bonding of both the aircraft and the fuel truck
  • respecting the fuel safety zone
81
Q

Who might ensure the escape path for fuel vehicles in smaller operations?

A

Aircraft engineer

82
Q

What is a NACA duct used for?

A
  • Found in each fuel tanks
  • Fuel can flow out and on to the ground if the vent tank is full
83
Q

What is the safety zone when defuelling and refuelling?

A

Three metres around the area under the NACA vents, overpressure protectors and refuel couplings.

84
Q

Where must no smoking signs be placed during fuelling?

A

At a minimum distance of 15m (50 ft) from fuelling equipment and ac vent tanks

85
Q

Where must a fuelling zone be placed prior to fuelling operations?

A

at least 6m from filling/ venting points on both the aircraft and fuelling equipment

86
Q

What fire extinguishers are recommended when fuelling?

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • Foam extinguishers
87
Q

Where should GPUs be when refuelling or defuelling?

A

As far as possible

88
Q

How long should you wait before doing a drain check on turbine fuel?

A

as long as possible as it takes a long time to set

89
Q

What is used to perform a water check on fuel?

A

Shell water detector capsules

90
Q

What is aircraft performance certification based on?

A

The aircraft having an uncontaminated or clean structure

91
Q

When is an aircraft in cold- soak configuration?

A
  • When it’s parked in cold weather
  • the OAT is lower than 0°
  • no supply of power to the aircraft
92
Q

What does the amount of icing on aircraft depend on?

A
  • surface temp
  • surface condition
  • duration of icing conditions
  • amount of moisture present in the atmosphere
93
Q

What are the critical surfaces that must be clear of ice before flight?

A
  • wings
  • vertical stabiliser
  • horizontal stabiliser
  • rudder
94
Q

When does most icing occur?

A

Between 0°c and -10°c when supercooled water droplets freeze on impact with a cold surface

95
Q

What is the lowest temp ice can still form at?

A

-40°c

96
Q

What clouds give lots of icing?

A

Cumulus clouds

97
Q

What type of ice results in the most skin friction?

A

Rime ice

98
Q

How are deicing fluids usually applied?

A

Usually applied heated through a high pressure spray system

99
Q

What is one- step method for deicing and anticing combined?

A

Deicing part: with heated anti icing fluid mixture
Antiicing part: fluid that remains

100
Q

What is the two step method if icing and deiicing combined?

A
  • de- ice the aircraft
  • follow immediately w anti- icing procedure
101
Q

What must be done if the aircraft doesnt fly within the holdover time?

A

repeat removal of the ice and preheat the engines

102
Q

What are type I fluids?

A
  • used for de- icing
  • limited effect when anti - icing bc of low viscosity
102
Q

What position do the flaps/ slats have to arrive in for an inspection to be necessary?

A

If the aircraft arrives at the gate with the flaps/slats in a position other than fully retracted, they must be inspected and, if necessary, de-iced before retraction.

103
Q

What are type II fluids?

A
  • anti- icing
  • higher viscosity so doesnt flow off aircraft until it reaches 100kt
  • good for larger aircraft
104
Q

What are type III fluids?

A
  • Compromise between type I and type II fluids
  • For smaller aircraft at less than 100kts
  • Bright yellow
105
Q

Why are type IV fluids better than type II?

A
  • Same as type II but have longer holdover times
106
Q

What do all de/anti- icing fluids contain?

A
  • Monoethylene- glycol
  • Diethylene-glycol
  • Monopropylene- gylcol
107
Q

What do type I fluids contain a 20% mix of?

A
  • inhibitors to resist corrosion and increase flashpoint
  • Water
  • Wetting agents so it can form a uniform film over the aircraft
108
Q

What is 50% of type II, III and IV fluids made up of?

A
  • inhibitors
  • water
  • wetting agent for a unifrom film over the surfaces
  • thickening agents
109
Q

How are the different types of de/ anti- icing fluid identified?

A

Colour coded

110
Q

When does the hold over time start from?

A

Just deicing: From the start of the application
Two step: from the start of the anti- icing

111
Q

What must an anti- icing code contain?

A
  • type of fluid
  • percentage of fluid to water (for type II and IV only)
  • time the application began (preferably local time)
112
Q

What affects the time of protection against icing:

A
  • Very bad weather conditions
  • High wind speeds and jet blasts
  • Wing temperature being below OAT (Outside Air Temperature)
  • Age and condition of the fluid
  • Method of application
113
Q

What has to be done before making an external electrical connection to aircraft?

A

Ensure the master switch on the GPU is off

114
Q

What shows that external power is on and connected?

A

flight deck indicator

115
Q

What is each of the three pins in a DC plug for?

A
  • one positive pin
  • one negative pin
  • smaller earth pin thats also a relay control pin
116
Q

What happens when the external master switch is switched off?

A

the relay resets, external power is switched off, and internal power (batteries) are switched onto the busbars.

117
Q

How should the lead of ground electrical power units be?

A

the socket lead must be extended to near its full length but not stretched to place any undue stress on the aircraft electrical receptacle.

118
Q

How is DC supplied to an aircraft (externally)?

A

a set of batteries mounted on a trolley or an engine-driven dc generator can be required

119
Q

What is the AC supply for aircraft?

A

115v AC
400 Hz
3 phase

120
Q

How does a diesel engine powered GPU produce electrical power?

A
  • Has an internal combustion engine that drives an alternator or engine to produce power
121
Q

When is an engine driven APU useful?

A

when an aircraft’s own APU is not operational or when additional power is required beyond what the aircraft’s APU can provide

122
Q

How does a battery powered GPU provide electrical power?

A
  • Self contained mobile units powered by dc batteries
  • Uses an inverter to supply AC voltage
123
Q

What is a limitation of a battery powered GPU?

A

Can only support 10-12 aircraft rounds

124
Q

How is the limitation of battery powered GPUs addressed?

A

Charge the unit whilst delivering power to the aircraft

125
Q

What supplies the utility GPU with power?

A
  • connect it to a socket supplied by the mains grid
126
Q

What does the utility GPU convert the main supply to, from?

A

standard grid supply: 110/220v AC 50/60 Hz
converts it to: 400Hz and 115v AC

127
Q

What are the six pins in the utility GPU power supply socket for?

A

three large pins: supply of the three phases
Fourth pin: ground/ earth connection
two small pins: dc control pins that operate relays to switch in/out three external supply

128
Q

What is connected if more power is required once the primary connection has been made?

A

The secondary connection

129
Q

What equipment/ indications do power supply panels have?

A
  • Three external ac power circuit breakers
  • dc control circuit breakers
  • Power connected/power ON lights
  • Panel illumination lights
  • Inter phone socket
  • Pilot’s call button
130
Q

When is a hydraulic test rig required?

A

When the engine or APU cant be run to supply hydraulic pressure to hydraulic systems

131
Q

What prevents fluid loss of hydraulic rigs and the aircraft?

A

Hydraulic quick- disconnect couplings where the rig connects to the aircraft

132
Q

How are hydraulic test rigs driven?

A

electrically or driven through a diesel engine if the exhaust is vented outside

133
Q

What pressure and flow does a hydraulic test rig produce?

A

the same pressure and flow rate as the aircraft engine-driven pumps

134
Q

When should hydraulic spilled be cleaned?

A

immediately

135
Q

What does an Air cart provide?

A

provide low pressure to start the engines and heat and cool the aircraft on the ground

136
Q

How much pressure does an air cart provide?

A

50 psi

137
Q

Where does an air cart get its pressure from?

A

APU built in to the cart
bleed air from the APUs compressor

138
Q

Where should a ground cart be placed?

A

As far as possible

139
Q

What certificate of servicabilities must be checked when checking the aircraft system before connecting a ground cart?

A

Certificate of serviceability in relation to its :
- motive power
- exhaust emission
- quality and rate of air supply.

140
Q

What can be done to save time when an aircraft is to be parked in snow or ice conditions?

A
  • paint around doors and frequently opened access panels with inhibited glycol antifreeze components
  • painted on surfaces under snow covers
  • used on wings or tails
141
Q

What can be done if snow is expected?

A
  • Park the aircraft on planking rather than packed snow
  • Or put sand near the wheels
142
Q

What position must flaps and slats be in during cold conditions?

A

retracted

143
Q

What position should moveable horziontal stabilisers be in, in cold conditions?

A

set to approx 0

144
Q

What is the best way to remove snow?

A

Sweep off as much as possible. Either by dragging a line over the fuselage or using a brush or a broom on wing and tail surfaces.

145
Q

What mind of hot air is most effective for deicing?

A

A large flow of warm air over a blast of hot air

146
Q

What temperature should any air being used to deice be?

A

Any temp under that of boiling water

147
Q

Do turbine engines require oil dilution, priming or lengthy warm up?

A

No, just need to check engine compressor rotors for any ice

148
Q

What is necessary when aircraft is operating in sand conditions whilst parked?

A
  • blanks and covers must be fitted
  • window transparencies can require covers to prevent corrosion
149
Q

Sandy conditions: What can be done to prevent particle ingress?

A

Extra filtration of air conditioning systems

150
Q

What ATA chapter covers conditional inspections?

A

Chapt 5

151
Q

Sand and dust conditions: What additional spares must be carried?

A

Filters, bearings and seals

152
Q

Hot weather operations: What are the principal difficulties encountered?

A
  • High Turbine gas temps during engine starting
  • over- heating
  • slower cooling of brakes
  • linger take off and landing distances bc of the low density air
  • Fuel tanks water separation and condensation of atmospheric moisture
153
Q

Hot weather conditions: What should be done when starting electric systems?

A

Start the air conditioning system to dry up moisture and prevent fungi

154
Q

Raining conditions: What must be done if the doors have to be opened?

A
  • all entrance drains must be clear and surrounding areas well sealed

M7 (9 decks)

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