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RT 212 > 7.1 Reporting > Flashcards

7.1 Reporting Flashcards

1
Q

analog image processing is applied on analog signals and can be _____

A

periodic and non-periodic

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2
Q

The data collected from the patient during imaging is first converted into ____ to provide an input and output image, in an effort to improve and enhance diagnostic interpretation and management of images acquired from patients

A

digital data

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3
Q

refers to a continuously changing signal recorded in its original form

A

analog

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4
Q

In medical imaging for example, there are two types of images being generated –

A

analog and digital

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5
Q

An output signal generated by the PMT with continuously varying intensity depending on the location of light on an image

A

Analog Signal

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6
Q

The output of the photodetector is a time-varying _____ that is transmitted to a computer that has multiple functions

A

analog signal

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7
Q

The time-varying analog signal from the photodetector is processed for ______. This shapes the signal before the final image is formed

A

amplitude, scale, and compression

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8
Q

is an image formed by a 2D analog and digital signal that contains color information

A

Analog images

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9
Q

It is generally continuous and not broken into tiny components because although analog signals are real-world, they do not produce good quality images

A

Analog images

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10
Q

are subsequently displayed for human viewing and interpretation and in addition, these images can be digitally manipulated to suit the viewing needs of the observer

A

Analog images

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11
Q

Examples of analog images include:

A

television images, photographs, paintings, and medical images

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12
Q

is defined as numerical representation of the patient

A

Digital images

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13
Q

is divided into a matrix or array of small picture elements, or pixels

A

Digital images

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14
Q

that they can be processed, in many ways, by computer systems

A

Digital images

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15
Q

a necessary element in all modern medical imaging methods

A

Digital images

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16
Q

they are also easier to store, more accurate and reliable

A

Digital images

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17
Q

subjecting numerical representations of objects to a series of operations in order to obtain a desired result

A

digital image processing

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18
Q

Depending on how they are acquired, radiology images can be classified into two domains:

A
  1. Spatial Domain

2. Frequency Domain

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19
Q

all images use a right-handed X-Y coordinate system, to identify the location of any number that makes up the image. The X-axis is used to describe the rows or lines on the image, while the Y-axis is used to describe the columns

A

Spatial Domain

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20
Q

One of the main goals is to make image processing easier, so that particular features of the image can be enhanced or suppressed

A

Frequency Domain

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21
Q

Images can also be acquired in the frequency domain using the mathematical procedure of the ____

A

Fourier transform

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22
Q

a signal can be converted from time domain into frequency domain using mathematical operators called transforms

A

transformation

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23
Q

In the Frequency Domain, High frequency components correspond to ____ in an image. While Low frequency components in an image correspond to _____

A 
edges (high),
smooth regions (low)
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24
Q

in frequency domain,

the image can be enhanced for sharpness in which case the ______ are suppressed

A

low frequencies

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25
Q

in frequency domain, the image can be smoothed to enable better visualization of homogeneous structures by suppressing ______ via digital image processing

A

high frequencies

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26
Q

the purpose is to generate an image that is more pleasing to the observer

A

Image Enhancement

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27
Q

improvement of overall quality

A

Image Enhancement

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28
Q

Image Enhancement operations include

A

contrast enhancement, edge enhancement,
spatial & frequency filtering, imaging combining,
noise reduction

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29
Q

characteristics such as contour and shapes can be enhanced to improve such quality

A

Image Enhancement

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30
Q

improve images that have distortions or degradations

A

Image Restoration

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31
Q

a commonplace in “space craft”, these are usually images sent to earth and usually they have the instance to be blurred out thus can be filtered to make them sharper

A

Image Restoration

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32
Q

it begins with image segmentation operations, such as image enhancement or restoration operations

A

Image Analysis

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33
Q

features of the objects are extracted resulting in measures that describe & characterize the image

A

Image Analysis

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34
Q

are used in 3D medical imaging such as CT & MRI; where the goal is to simplify the representation of an image into something much easier to analyze

A

segmentation operations

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35
Q

reduces the size to save storage and transmission time

A

Image Compression

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36
Q

compression wherein there is no loss of info

A

Lossless

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37
Q

compression wherein there is loss of info and significant in images that have unnecessary data

A

Lossy

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38
Q

The main advantage is that there is no loss in both SPATIAL & FREQUENCY INFO

A

Wavelet Compression

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39
Q

recent form of compression which offers an approach that allows to reduce the size of the data while at the same time improving its quality through the removal of high frequency noise components

A

Wavelet Compression

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40
Q

it creates images that may be physically impossible or does not exist at all

A

Image Synthsis

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41
Q

basis for the production of CT & MRI images

A

image reconstruction technique

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42
Q

based on computer graphics technology

A

3D visualization technique

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43
Q

a digital image is made up of a two-dimensional array of numbers

A

Matrix

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44
Q

consists of columns (M) and rows (N) that define small square regions called picture elements or pixels

A

Matrix

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45
Q

Matrix size selected by an operator for imaging examinations is sometimes referred to as the _____

A

field of view (FOV)

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46
Q

he pixel size can be calculated using the relationship:

A

Pixel size = FOV/Matrix size

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47
Q

Pixels in a digital image that represent the information contained in a tissue volume in the patient

A

Voxels

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48
Q

it includes the Height, width and length

A

Voxels 3D

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49
Q

inclusion of time, width, length and time

A

Voxels 4D

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50
Q

refers to the color information stored in an image

A

Bit Depth

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51
Q

implies that every pixel in the digital image matrix M x N is represented by k binary digits

A

k bits

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52
Q

The number of bits per pixel

A

Bit Depth

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53
Q

The characteristics of a digital image, that is, the ______,
can affect the appearance of the digital image, particularly its spatial resolution and its density
resolution

A

matrix size, the pixel size, and the bit depth

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54
Q

matrix size, the pixel size, and the bit depth

A

Spatial Resolution

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55
Q

linked to bit depth | range of gray levels per pixel

A

Density Resolution

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56
Q

5 different cassette sizes used in film-screen radiography:

A 
8x10,
10x12,
11,14
14x14,
14x17
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57
Q

A typical CR image matrix size

A

2048 x 2048

58
Q

There are three steps to digitizing an image:

A
  1. scanning
  2. sampling,
  3. quantization
59
Q

used to measure the brightness level

A

Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)

60
Q

the image is first divided into an array of small square regions called pixels

A

Scanning

61
Q

simply involves measuring the brightness level of each of the pixels using special devices such as a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The signal from the PMT is an analog signal (voltage waveform) that must be converted into a digital image for processing by a digital computer

A

Sampling

62
Q

This is a process whereby the brightness levels obtained from sampling are assigned an integer (zero, a negative, or a positive number) called a gray level. The image is now made up of a range of gray levels. The total number of gray levels is called the gray scale

A

Quantization

63
Q

one pixel value in the input image is mapped onto the same pixel location in the output image and depends on the input pixel value entire image is then transformed using what is referred to as pixel point process

A

Point processing operation

64
Q

is most often used in digital imaging to change the contrast and brightness of an image displayed for viewing on a display monitor

A

Grayscale mapping (commonly known as “windowing”)

65
Q

Image contrast and brightness transformations can be done using a variety of processing techniques two common methods used in digital radiology, the ______

A

look-up table (LUT) method, the windowing method

66
Q

Changing the histogram of the image can alter the brightness and contrast of the image termed as

A

histogram modification/histogram stretching

67
Q

Low-contrast image can be transformed into a high-contrast image using

A

Look-up table (LUT)

68
Q

one in which the output image pixel value is obtained from a small
area of pixels around the corresponding input pixel.

A

Local processing operation

69
Q

In Local processing operation, since a small area of pixels or group of pixels is
used, these operations are also referred to as _____

A

area or group processes

70
Q

A notable example is that
of frequency filtering in which the process can sharpen, blur, smooth, and reduce the noise of an
image

A

Local processing operation

71
Q

There are 4 different techniques in Local processing operation

A
  1. Convolution
  2. High – Pass Filtering
  3. Low – Pass Filtering
  4. Unsharp (Blurred) Masking
72
Q

where a group of input image pixels surrounding the specific input pixel is used to
change the value of the output pixel value to arrive at a new value in the output image

A

Convolution

73
Q

The group of pixels used to calculate this average in convolution is called

A

Convolution kernel

74
Q

A typical kernel size is a _____

A

3 × 3 matrix2

75
Q

During processing, the kernel scans across the entire image, pixel by pixel. Each input
image pixel, the pixels surrounding it, and the kernel are used to calculate the corresponding output
pixel value

A

Convolution

76
Q

Suppresses the low frequencies, and the result is a much sharper image
than the original

A

High – Pass Filtering

77
Q

Such a filter is used to sharpen or for edge enhancement

A

High – Pass Filtering

78
Q

Note that in order to use
this filter, the input image is first changed from a spatial location image into a spatial frequency
image. The filter operates on the frequencies to sharpen the output image

A

High – Pass Filtering

79
Q

This is referred to as image smoothing

A

Low – Pass Filtering

80
Q

The output image appears blurred compared to the input image

A

Low – Pass Filtering

81
Q

In this type of filtering, the output image noise is reduced, and the
image sharpness is compromised

A

Low – Pass Filtering

82
Q

First, a low-pass filter is used to blur the image and subsequently
subtracts this blurred image from the original image.

A

Unsharp (Blurred) Masking

83
Q

The result is a sharper image than the original.

A

Unsharp (Blurred) Masking

84
Q

are mathematical functions that operate on the

pixels of the image

A

Digital filters

85
Q

implies ALL the pixels in the input image

are used to change the value of ONE pixel in the output image

A

Global Processing Operations

86
Q

These techniques can process images for
edge enhancement, image sharpening, and image
restoration

A

Global Processing Operations

87
Q

One popular global operation is to use the ___ in filtering images in the frequency domain rather than in the spatial domain

A

Fourier Transform (FT)

88
Q

it generates the frequency-space
representation of the image which is useful for many applications, including
segmentation, coding, noise removal, and feature classification

A

Fourier Transform (FT)

89
Q

mapping colors to pixel values

A

Pseudocoloring

90
Q

These techniques allow the user to change the position or orientation of pixels in the image rather that the
brightness of the pixels

A

Geometric operations

91
Q

result in the scaling, sizing, rotation, and translation of images, once again, to enhance
diagnosis

A

Geometric operations

92
Q

are techniques that allow the user to change the appearance of a
digital image displayed on a monitor for viewing and interpretation

A

Digital image processing

93
Q

These techniques, for
example, allow both the grayscale and the sharpness of the image to be manipulated to
enhance diagnostic interpretation

A

Digital image processing

94
Q

is now commonly used by all medical imaging professionals who
have the responsibility for assessing image quality and diagnostic interpretation of all images
produced in an examination

A

Image post-processing

95
Q

Examples of the Digital image processing are on

A

Point processing operations, Local processing
operations,
Global processing operations

96
Q

Halide can be:

A
  • Chlorine
  • Bromine
  • Iodine
97
Q

acts as an activator to improve the

efficiency of PSL

A

Europium

98
Q

means color

A

Farbe

99
Q

PSP IP is taken to a CR
reader, and to be scanned
automatically with the use of Helium Neon (HeNe) laser beam
- this process is called

A

Photo Stimulated Excitation

100
Q

the transition of the electrons from conduction to valence bands or returning to their original state result in an emission of _____ with ___-nanometer wavelengths

A

bluish-purple lightbluish-purple light,

415 nm

101
Q

It is a word that describes how long it takes for a latent image to dissolve

A

Fading

102
Q

Traditional two-dimensional x-ray detectors are being replaced with photostimulable x-ray storage
phosphors in the form of

A

image plates

103
Q

the PSL (photostimulable luminescence) decreases by about ___, if the time between exposure and image reading is 8 hours

A

25%

104
Q

Used to identify, and scale the raw image data obtained when the IP is scanned in the CR reader

A

Pre-Processing Operation

105
Q

Pre-Processing Operation are also referred to as ______

A

Acquisition Processing

106
Q

are intended to correct the raw data collected from bad detector elements that would create problems in the proper functioning of the detector

A

Pre-Processing

107
Q

It also deals with applying corrections to the raw data

A

Pre-Processing

108
Q

It is where the shading corrections, pattern recognition, and exposure field recognition is done

A

Pre-Processing

109
Q

used to

SELECT THE BEST VALUE OF AN IMAGE

A

Pre-Processing

110
Q

is a data or values of data that is gathered from scanning and then later they will be
combine to create a digital image by choosing the best value of the data

A

Analog System

111
Q

to improve the image data that suppresses undesired image or SELECT
some image features relevant for further processing

A

Pre-Processing

112
Q

It is the manipulation of the radiographic image in order to create a qualitative or quantitative data

A

Post Processing

113
Q

The use of any technique or technology to enhance the original image captured by the photographer

A

Post Processing

114
Q

To optimize the image contrast and density to enhance diagnostic interpretation of the image

A

Contrast Enhancement

115
Q

Any method of exaggerating the visible difference between adjacent structures on imaging by administering contrast media/agents

A

Contrast Enhancement

116
Q

adjust or control the sharpness or detail of an image by adjusting the frequency components of the image

A

Edge Enhancement

117
Q

is a 2-D isotropic measure of the 2nd spatial derivative of an image

A

Laplacian

118
Q

leads to enhanced image quality (IQ) of radiographs

A

Multifrequency Enhancement

119
Q

A commonly used method of digital postprocessing using Laplace segmentation of the image data

A

Multifrequency Enhancement

120
Q

has been proposed as a method for producing material-specific images

A

Dual Energy Processing

121
Q

permitting separate examination of bone and soft structures in the chest

A

Dual Energy Processing

122
Q

improves the detection of certain parts of the anatomy such as detection of the Pulmonary Nodules and Nodule Calcification Compared

A

Dual Energy Processing

123
Q

provides useful feedback to the radiographer about exposures delivered to the image receptor

A

Exposure Indicator

124
Q

is a numerical parameter used to monitor the radiation exposure to the IP in CR imaging

A

Exposure Indicator

125
Q

Exposure Indicator for Fujifilm Medical CR Systems

A

Sensitivity Number or S-Number

126
Q

Exposure Indicator for Carestream CR Systems

A

Exposure Index Or EI

127
Q

Exposure Indicator for Agfa Healthcare CR System

A

Log of Median Values or LgM

128
Q

Exposure Indicator for Konika Minolta Healthcare

A

Sensitivity Values or S Values

129
Q

S is inversely proportional to the exposure; hence a low exposure will result in a high S number and a high exposure will result in a low S-number

A

Fujifilm Medical CR Systems (Sensitivity Number or S-Number)

130
Q

represents a linearly proportional estimate of the radiation exposure to the detector.

A

Carestream CR Systems (Exposure Index Or EI)

131
Q

is related logarithmically to the median of the IP exposure

A

Agfa Healthcare CR System (Log of Median Values or LgM)

132
Q

S-values is neither direct or proportional. Instead the relationship is inverse.
An S-value above the target range would indicate a under exposure; and an s-value below the target range would indicate an over exposure

A

Konika Minolta Healthcare (Sensitivity Values or S-Values)

133
Q

200/Exposure to the IP (mR)

A

S-number

134
Q

log(Exposure in mR) x 1000 + 2000

A

EI

135
Q

2.2 + log(Exposure in mR)

A

LgM

136
Q

Matrix size

A

m x n

137
Q

collects the freed electrons

A

capacitor

138
Q

Digital image processing operations

A 
Image Enhancement,
Image Restoration,
Image Analysis,
Image Synthesis,
Image Compression
139
Q

scintillator layer used to convert x-ray photons into light photons

A

Cesium Iodide,

Gadolinium Oxysulfide

140
Q

photoconductor layer used to convert x-ray photons into electrical charge

A

Amorphous Selenium

RT 212 (10 decks)

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