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2. Digital Image Processing Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

the processing of images using a computer

A

Digital Image Processing

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2
Q

Steps of Digital Image Processing

A
  1. Converted into digital data

2. A digital image

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3
Q

utilize digital image processing as their central feature of their operations

A

CR / Flat-panel DR / Digital Mammography / Fluoroscopy

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4
Q

incorporate digital image processing as an essential tool to manipulate and enhance digital images

A

CT / MRI / Ultrasonography / Nuclear Medicine

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5
Q

image processing expert, retired NASA engineer

A

Castleman, Kenneth R. (1994)

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6
Q

uses set theory to classify images based on their form and the method used to produce them

A

Castleman, Kenneth R.

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7
Q

According to him, “Images as a subset of all objects, and that image set contains subset within it, such as visible and invisible images, optical and mathematical images”

A

Castleman, Kenneth R.

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8
Q

photographs, drawings, paintings

A

Visible Images

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9
Q

temperature, pressure, elevation maps

A

Invisible Images

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10
Q

holograms

A

Optical Images

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11
Q

continuous and discrete functions

A

Mathematical Images

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12
Q

important in the world of digital imaging

A

Mathematical Images

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13
Q

is a continuous function that can be converted into a discrete function, both of which will generate two categories of images, namely, analog and digital images

A

classical sine wave

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14
Q

is continuous wave form that changes smoothly over time

A

analog signal

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15
Q

is discrete and can only have a limited number of defined values, often as simple as 1 and 0

A

digital signal

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16
Q

to generate an image that is more pleasing to the observer

A

Image Enhancement

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17
Q

Image Enhancement includes:

A
  • Contrast enhancement
  • Edge enhancement
  • Spatial and Frequency filtering
  • Image combining
  • Noise reduction
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18
Q

to improve the quality of images that have distortion or degradations

A

Image Restoration

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19
Q

blurred images can be filtered to make them sharper

A

Image Restoration

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20
Q

measurements and statistics, as well as segmentation, feature extraction, and classification of objects

A

Image Analysis

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21
Q

are used in 3D medical imaging

A

Segmentation operations

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22
Q

the goal of ______ is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze

A

segmentation

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23
Q

to reduce the size of the image in order to decrease transmission time and reduce storage space

A

Image Compression

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24
Q

Types of Image Compression

A
  1. Lossy or irreversible

2. Lossless or reversible

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25
Q

there is some loss of image details when the image is decompressed

A

Lossy or irreversible

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26
Q

there is no loss of any information in the image (detail is not compromised) when the image is decompressed

A

Lossless or reversible

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27
Q

More recent form of compression

A

wavelet compression (special waveforms) / Haar compression

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28
Q

Wavelet (special waveforms) compression

Main advantage:

A

There is no loss in either spatial and frequency information

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29
Q

offers an approach that allows one to reduce the size of the data while at the same time improving its quality through the removal of high-frequency noise components

A

Wavelet compression

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30
Q

these processing operations “create images from other or non-image data”

A

Image Synthesis

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31
Q

these operations are used when a desired image is either physically impossible or impractical to acquire, or does not exist in a physical form at all

A

Image Synthesis

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32
Q

Examples of Image Synthesis

A
  • Image reconstruction techniques

- 3D visualization techniques which are based on computer graphics technology

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33
Q

numerical image

A

Matrix

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34
Q

a digital image is made up of a 2D array of numbers

A

Matrix

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35
Q

consists of columns (M) and rows (N) that define small square regions

A

Matrix

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36
Q

small square regions

A

Picture elements or Pixels

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37
Q

dimension of the image can be described by M, N and the size of the image is given by the relationship:

A

M x N x k bits (row x column)

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38
Q

Matrix size =

A

Field of view (FOV)

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39
Q

M=N

A

the image is square

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40
Q

Increasing FOV will result to:

A
  • Increase Image processing time
  • Increase Storage space
  • Increase Transmission time
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41
Q

Picture element

A

Pixels

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42
Q

each pixel contains a number (discrete value) that represents a ______ level, which reflects the tissue characteristic being imaged

A

brightness

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43
Q

MRI Image matrix (in pixels)

A

256 x 256

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44
Q

CT Scan Image matrix (in pixels)

A

512 x 512

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45
Q

Ultrasound Image matrix (in pixels)

A

512 x 512

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46
Q

Color Doppler Image matrix (in pixels)

A

768 x 576

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47
Q

Digital radiography Image matrix (in pixels)

A

Up to 3000 x 3000

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48
Q

Digital mammography Image matrix (in pixels)

A

Up to 3328 x 4096

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49
Q

Computed radiography Image matrix (in pixels)

A

3520 x 4280

50
Q

MRI Dynamic range (bits per pixel)

51
Q

CT Scan Dynamic range (bits per pixel)

52
Q

Ultrasound Dynamic range (bits per pixel)

53
Q

Color Doppler Dynamic range (bits per pixel)

54
Q

Digital radiography Dynamic range (bits per pixel)

55
Q

Digital mammography Dynamic range (bits per pixel)

56
Q

Computed radiography Dynamic range (bits per pixel)

57
Q

MRI File size (per image)

58
Q

CT Scan File size (per image)

59
Q

Ultrasound File size (per image)

60
Q

Color Doppler File size (per image)

61
Q

Digital radiography File size (per image)

A

Up to 18 MB

62
Q

Digital mammography File size (per image)

63
Q

Computed radiography File size (per image)

64
Q

related to atomic number and mass density of the tissues

A

Radiography / CT

65
Q

represents characteristics of tissues such a proton density and relaxation times

66
Q

DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION FACTORS

A
  • High atomic number

- Mass Density

67
Q

how tightly the atoms of tissues are packed

A

Mass Density

68
Q

Atomic number for air and soft tissue are about the same the OD changes are due to

A

mass density difference

69
Q

INTERACTIONS OF X-RAYS WITH MATTER

A
  • No interaction
  • Complete absorption
  • Partial absorption with scatter
70
Q

x-ray passes completely through tissue and into the image receptor

A

No interaction (ex. air)

71
Q

x-ray energy is completed absorbed by the tissue. No imaging information results

A

Complete absorption (ex. bone)

72
Q

involves a partial transfer of energy to tissue, with the resulting scattered x-ray having less energy and trajectory

A

scattering

73
Q

degrades image quality and causes patient and staff dose

A

Partial absorption with scatter

74
Q

For digital imaging modalities, the ____ the matrix size, the ____ the pixel size, the better the spatial resolution

A

larger,

smaller

75
Q

Pixels in a digital image represent the information contained in a volume of tissue in the patient

A

VOXEL (3D)

76
Q

Tissue voxel information is converted into numerical values and expressed in the pixels, and these numbers are

A

assigned brightness levels

77
Q

8-bit = ____ tonal levels

A

256 tonal levels

78
Q

5-bit = ____ tonal levels

A

32 tonal levels

79
Q

3-bit = ____ tonal levels

A

8 tonal levels

80
Q

implies that every pixel in the digital image matrix M x N is represented by k binary digits

81
Q

The number of bits per pixel is the

82
Q

K bits =

83
Q

The bit depth has an effect on the number of shades of gray, hence the _____ of the image

A

density resolution

84
Q

3 STEPS IN DIGITIZING AN IMAGE

A
  1. Scanning
  2. Sampling
  3. Quantization
85
Q

the image is first divided into an array of pixels

86
Q

involves measuring the brightness level of each of the pixels using special devices such as PMT (Photomultiplier Tube)

87
Q

the signal from the PMT is an analog signal (voltage waveform) that must be a converted into a digital image for processing by a computer

88
Q

it determines the spatial resolution of the digitized images

89
Q

it determines the number of grey levels in the digitized images

A

Quantization

90
Q

brightness levels obtained from sampling are assigned an integer (zero or negative or positive number) called a

A

gray level

91
Q

the image is now made up of a range of gray levels

A

Quantization

92
Q

total number of grays levels

A

Gray scale

93
Q

Common Image Processing Operations:
Image Reformatting, Windowing, Region of Interest (ROI), Magnification, Surface and Volume Rendering, Profile, Histogram, Collage, Image Synthesis

A

Computed Tomography

94
Q

Common Image Processing Operations:
Windowing, Region of Interest (ROI), Magnification, Surface and Volume Rendering, Profile, Histogram, Collage, Image Synthesis

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

95
Q

Common Image Processing Operations:
Analytic Processing, Subtraction of images out of a sequence, Gray-scale Processing, Temporal Frame Averaging, Edge Enhancement, Pixel Shifting

A

Digital Subtracting Angiography/ Digital Fluoroscopy

96
Q

Common Image Processing Operations:
Partitioned Pattern Recognition, Exposure Field Recognition, Histogram Analysis, Normalization of Raw Image Data, Gray-Scale Processing (Windowing), Spatial Filtering, Dynamic Range Control, Energy Subtraction, etc.

A

Computed Radiography/ Digital Radiography

97
Q

simple and the most frequently used operation in digital diagnostic imaging

A

Point Processing Operations

98
Q

the value of the one (point) input image pixel is mapped onto the corresponding output image pixel

A

Point Processing Operations

99
Q

a graph of numbers of pixels in the entire image or part of the image having the same gray levels (density values) plotted as a function of the gray levels

100
Q

graphical display of the pixel intensity distribution for a digital image / graphical representation of the image

101
Q

plots the number of pixels found at each pixel value

102
Q

Changing the histogram of the image can alter its

A

brightness and contrast

103
Q

If the histogram is modified or change, the _____ will change as well

A

brightness and contrast

104
Q

Wide histogram implies _____ contrast

105
Q

Narrow histogram will show _____ contrast

106
Q

If the values of the histogram are concentrated in the lower end of the range of values, the image appears _____; conversely, the image appears _____ at the end of the range

A

dark,

bright

107
Q

determines the numbers assigned to the input pixel values that change them into output pixel values resulting in a change in contrast and brightness of the image

A

Look-up table

108
Q

change the contrast and brightness of an image

109
Q

a digital image is made up of numbers, the range of numbers is the _____, controls the contrast or gray scale

A

Window Width (WW)

110
Q

the center of the range is define as the _____, controls the brightness of the image

A

Window Level (WL)

111
Q

_____ Window Width provides higher image contrast (short-scale)

112
Q

_____ Window Width will show an image with less contrast

113
Q

one of the first step in becoming aware of and versatile with digital image processing is to understand the general nature of images

A

Image Formation and Representation

114
Q

SUBSETS OF IMAGES

CLASSIFICATION

A
  1. Visible Images
  2. Invisible Images
  3. Optical Images
  4. Mathematical Images
115
Q

5 CLASSES OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING OPERATIONS

A
  1. Image Enhancement
  2. Image Restoration
  3. Image Analysis
  4. Image Compression
  5. Image Synthesis
116
Q

combination of lossy and lossless compression

A

Wavelet compression

117
Q

How is matrix named

A

N x M
rows x columns
horizontal x vertical

118
Q

High atomic number = _____ atoms

119
Q

a series of mathematical equations that are used for post processing in radiography

A

Look-up table

120
Q

It is used to correct values using a mapping function

A

Look-up table

RT 212 (10 decks)

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