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RT 212 > 1. Digital Radiography: An Overview > Flashcards

1. Digital Radiography: An Overview Flashcards

1
Q

workhorse of radiology since 1895

A

Film-screen Radiography (Conventional)

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2
Q

Goal of Radiology Department

A
  1. Eliminate film-based imaging systems
  2. Introduce new technologies for the purpose of improving diagnostic interpretation and digital image management (ex. PACS and RIS)
  3. Reduce the radiation dose to patients (and rad tech)
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3
Q

filmless imaging

A

Digital Radiography

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4
Q

Digital image Acquisition Modalities

A

a. CR (Computed Radiography)
b. DR (Digital Radiography)
c. Digital Mammography
d. Digital Fluoroscopy for routine GI (Gastrointestinal) Fluoroscopy and Vascular imaging
e. CT (Computed Tomography)
f. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
g. Nuclear Medicine
h. Diagnostic Medical Sonography

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5
Q

a computer process data collected from patients using special electronic detectors that have replaced the x-ray film cassette

A

Digital Radiography

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6
Q

filmless radiography

A

Digital Radiography

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7
Q

the detectors measure and convert x-ray attenuation data from the patient into electronic (analog) signals that are subsequently converted into digital data for processing by a computer

A

Digital Radiography

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8
Q

the result of this processing is a digital image that must be converted so that it can be viewed in a computer monitor

A

Digital Radiography

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9
Q

the displayed image can then be manipulated using a variety of digital image processing techniques to enhance the interpretation of diagnostic radiology images

A

Digital Radiography

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10
Q

also includes image and information management systems, image storage, and image and data communications

A

Digital Radiography

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11
Q

FILM-BASED RADIOGRAPHY BASIC STEPS IN IMAGE FORMATION

A
  1. X-ray pass through the patient and fall upon the film to form a latent image
  2. Rendered visible using chemical processing
  3. Displayed on a view box for viewing and interpretation by a radiologist
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12
Q

More exposure produces ____ blackening

A

more

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13
Q

Less exposure produces ___ blackening

A

less

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14
Q

blackening in the image

A

Film Density

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15
Q

differences in densities in the image

A

Film Contrast

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16
Q

The film, therefore, converts the radiation transmitted by the various types of tissues (tissue contrast) into ____

A

film contrast

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17
Q

refers to the collection of X-rays transmitted through the patient

A

Data Acquisition

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18
Q

first step in the production of the image

A

Data Acquisition

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19
Q

For DR, ________ are used that replaced the X-ray film cassette used in film-based radiography

A

special electronic (digital) detectors

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20
Q

Converts x-rays into light, followed immediately by the conversion of light into electrical signals

A

Indirect Detector

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21
Q

Avoids the light-electricity conversion process and convert x-rays directly into electrical signals

A

Direct Detector

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22
Q

The analog signals must then be converted into _______ for processing by a computer

A

digital data

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23
Q

is an electrical integrated circuit used to convert the analog signals such as voltages to digital or binary form consisting of 1s and 0s

A

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

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24
Q

the ADC send digital data for processing by a computer

A

Computer Data Processing

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25
Q

the computer uses special software to create or build up digital images using the binary number system

A

Computer Data Processing

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26
Q

HUMANS – ______ SYSTEM

A

DECIMAL

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27
Q

COMPUTERS – ______ SYSTEM

A

BINARY

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28
Q 
Base 10 (10 different numbers)
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
A

DECIMAL SYSTEM

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29
Q 
Base 2 (2 different numbers)
0 or 1 (Binary digits or bits)
A

BINARY SYSTEM

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30
Q

smallest unit of data in a computer

A

Bits

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31
Q

are not continuous, they are discrete units

A

Bits

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32
Q

The output of computer processing, the digital image, must first be converted into an analog signal before it can be displayed on a monitor for viewing by the observer

A

Image Display and Post Processing

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33
Q

the vast amount of images generated for the wide range of digital radiology examinations must be stored not only for retrospective analysis but also for medico-legal purposes

A

Image storage

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34
Q

Types of Image Storage

A
  1. Magnetic tapes
  2. Disks
  3. Laser optical disks (long-term storage)
  4. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
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35
Q

use of computer communication networks to transmit images from the acquisition phase to the display/viewing and storage phase

A

Image and Data Communications

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36
Q

image transmission within hospital (Intranet)

A

LANs

37
Q

Outside hospital/Remote locations (Internet)

A

WANs

38
Q

used for storing/archiving and communicating images in the digital radiology department

A

PACS

39
Q

RIS/HIS is integrated with the PACS via computer networks, using communications standards such as DICOM and HL7, for effective managements of patient information

A

Information Systems

40
Q

Important element of image and data communications is

A

image compression

41
Q

all the data from the original file is preserved

A

Lossless or Reversible Compression

42
Q

removes some data from the original file and saves the image with a reduced file size

A

Lossy or Irreversible Compression

43
Q

method which eliminate unnoticeable data

A

Lossy or Irreversible Compression

44
Q

refers to the use of PACS and RIS and HIS to manage the vast number of images and text data produced in a digital radiology department with databases and file management software

A

Image and Information Management

45
Q

handle essential textual information

A

RIS/HIS

46
Q

handle images generated by the various digital imaging modalities

A

PACS

47
Q

concept of IHE originated in

A

1998

48
Q

IHE

A

Integrating the Health Care Enterprise

49
Q

RSNA

A

Radiological Society of North America

50
Q

HIMSS

A

Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society

51
Q

developed what they refer to as Technical Framework that is based on 3 essential elements

A

RSNA and HIMSS

52
Q

3 essential elements of Technical Framework

A
  1. Data model
  2. An Actor
  3. An integration Profile
53
Q

makes use of photostimulable or storage phosphors to produce digital images using existing x-ray imaging equipment

A

Computed Radiography

54
Q

a computer is used to process data collected by radiographic means to produce digital images of the patient

A

Computed Radiography

55
Q

In _____, Fuji Medical Systems introduced CR Imaging System

A

1983

56
Q

CR Imaging System examples

A

AGFA, KODAK, KONICA and CANNON

57
Q

BASIC STEPS IN THE PRODUCTION OF A CR IMAGE

A
  1. The IP is exposed to x-rays, which causes electrons in the phosphors to move to another energy level, where they remain trapped, creating a latent image
  2. The plate is then taken to the CR reader/processor (digital image processor) where it is scanned by a laser beam, which causes the trapped electrons to return to their original orbit, and in the process, light emitted
  3. The light is collected by a light guide and sent to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The electrical signal output from the PMT is subsequently converted into digital data
  4. A digital processor processes the digital data to produce a CR image that can be viewed in a monitor
  5. The IP exposed to a bright light to erase it (the residual latent image is removed)
  6. The IP can now be used again
58
Q

Limited ability to image detail (spatial resolution)

A

CR Systems

59
Q

3-5 lp/mm

A

CR Systems

60
Q

Contrast resolution can be manipulated

A

CR Systems

61
Q

Better DQE (converts x-ray into useful image)

A

CR Systems

62
Q

10-15 lp/mm

A

Film-Screen Radiography

63
Q

Contrast resolution is fixed

A

Film-Screen Radiography

64
Q

developed to overcome the shortcomings of CR systems

A

Flat-Panel Digital Radiography

65
Q

designed as a flat-panel, totally different in design structure and function

A

Flat-Panel Digital Radiography

66
Q

produces are effective strategies to ensure continuous quality improvement of a product

A

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

67
Q

In Radiology, QA/QC policies and procedures and related activities are all intended to:

A

i. Ensure that patients are exposed to minimum radiation using the ALARA philosophy
ii. Produce optimum image quality for diagnosis
iii. Reduce the costs of radiology operations

68
Q

DR IMAGING SYSTEM MAJOR COMPONENTS:

A
  1. Data Acquisition
  2. Computer Data Processing
  3. Image Display and Post-Processing
  4. Image Storage
  5. Image and Data Communications
  6. Image and Information Management
69
Q

not processed image

A

latent image

70
Q

digital replacement of conventional x-ray film

A

Computed Radiography

71
Q

reduce usage of film and solutions (consumables)

A

Computed Radiography

72
Q

imaging plates are reusable, no need to use a film for each patient

A

Computed Radiography

73
Q

similar to conventional because there is a processor but conventional has manual processor and is already obsolete. Automatic processor is being used today

A

Computed Radiography

74
Q

also known as daylight processing and has imaging plate (reusable up to 10,000x and has a phosphor plate inside)

A

Automatic processor

75
Q

advanced form of x-ray, no need of a processor

A

Digital Radiography

76
Q

the image will automatically will be displayed on a computer

A

Digital Radiography

77
Q

happens in a flat panel

A

Digital Radiography

78
Q

offers the highest quality images because of the minute tissues of the breast

A

Digital Mammography

79
Q

Digital Mammography uses ____ monitor

A

5k

80
Q

allows us to see deep structures in real time (moving)

A

Digital Fluoroscopy

81
Q

provide cross-sectional images, usually used for emergency situations

A

Computed Tomography

82
Q

similar to ultrasound; does not use ionizing radiation

and forms of images of the anatomy and physiology of the body

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

83
Q

uses very small of radioactive materials or radiopharmaceuticals to examine organ function and structure

A

Nuclear Medicine

84
Q

it is the patient that is generating x-rays that will be detected by the gamma camera

A

Nuclear Medicine

85
Q

widely used for pregnant women because It does not use ionizing radiation

A

Diagnostic Medical Sonography

86
Q

The analog signals must then be converted into ____ data for processing by a computer

A

digital

87
Q

to reduce storage space (costs) and decrease the image transmission time

A

Image compression

88
Q

DQE

A

Detective Quantum Efficiency

RT 212 (10 decks)

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