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RT 212 > 1. Digital Radiography: An Overview > Flashcards

1. Digital Radiography: An Overview Flashcards

1
Q

workhorse of radiology since 1895

A

Film-screen Radiography (Conventional)

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2
Q

Goal of Radiology Department

A
  1. Eliminate film-based imaging systems
  2. Introduce new technologies for the purpose of improving diagnostic interpretation and digital image management (ex. PACS and RIS)
  3. Reduce the radiation dose to patients (and rad tech)
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3
Q

filmless imaging

A

Digital Radiography

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4
Q

Digital image Acquisition Modalities

A

a. CR (Computed Radiography)
b. DR (Digital Radiography)
c. Digital Mammography
d. Digital Fluoroscopy for routine GI (Gastrointestinal) Fluoroscopy and Vascular imaging
e. CT (Computed Tomography)
f. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
g. Nuclear Medicine
h. Diagnostic Medical Sonography

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5
Q

a computer process data collected from patients using special electronic detectors that have replaced the x-ray film cassette

A

Digital Radiography

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6
Q

filmless radiography

A

Digital Radiography

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7
Q

the detectors measure and convert x-ray attenuation data from the patient into electronic (analog) signals that are subsequently converted into digital data for processing by a computer

A

Digital Radiography

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8
Q

the result of this processing is a digital image that must be converted so that it can be viewed in a computer monitor

A

Digital Radiography

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9
Q

the displayed image can then be manipulated using a variety of digital image processing techniques to enhance the interpretation of diagnostic radiology images

A

Digital Radiography

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10
Q

also includes image and information management systems, image storage, and image and data communications

A

Digital Radiography

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11
Q

FILM-BASED RADIOGRAPHY BASIC STEPS IN IMAGE FORMATION

A
  1. X-ray pass through the patient and fall upon the film to form a latent image
  2. Rendered visible using chemical processing
  3. Displayed on a view box for viewing and interpretation by a radiologist
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12
Q

More exposure produces ____ blackening

A

more

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13
Q

Less exposure produces ___ blackening

A

less

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14
Q

blackening in the image

A

Film Density

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15
Q

differences in densities in the image

A

Film Contrast

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16
Q

The film, therefore, converts the radiation transmitted by the various types of tissues (tissue contrast) into ____

A

film contrast

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17
Q

refers to the collection of X-rays transmitted through the patient

A

Data Acquisition

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18
Q

first step in the production of the image

A

Data Acquisition

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19
Q

For DR, ________ are used that replaced the X-ray film cassette used in film-based radiography

A

special electronic (digital) detectors

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20
Q

Converts x-rays into light, followed immediately by the conversion of light into electrical signals

A

Indirect Detector

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21
Q

Avoids the light-electricity conversion process and convert x-rays directly into electrical signals

A

Direct Detector

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22
Q

The analog signals must then be converted into _______ for processing by a computer

A

digital data

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23
Q

is an electrical integrated circuit used to convert the analog signals such as voltages to digital or binary form consisting of 1s and 0s

A

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

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24
Q

the ADC send digital data for processing by a computer

A

Computer Data Processing

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25
the computer uses special software to create or build up digital images using the binary number system
Computer Data Processing
26
HUMANS – ______ SYSTEM
DECIMAL
27
COMPUTERS – ______ SYSTEM
BINARY
28
``` Base 10 (10 different numbers) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ```
DECIMAL SYSTEM
29
``` Base 2 (2 different numbers) 0 or 1 (Binary digits or bits) ```
BINARY SYSTEM
30
smallest unit of data in a computer
Bits
31
are not continuous, they are discrete units
Bits
32
The output of computer processing, the digital image, must first be converted into an analog signal before it can be displayed on a monitor for viewing by the observer
Image Display and Post Processing
33
the vast amount of images generated for the wide range of digital radiology examinations must be stored not only for retrospective analysis but also for medico-legal purposes
Image storage
34
Types of Image Storage
1. Magnetic tapes 2. Disks 3. Laser optical disks (long-term storage) 4. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
35
use of computer communication networks to transmit images from the acquisition phase to the display/viewing and storage phase
Image and Data Communications
36
image transmission within hospital (Intranet)
LANs
37
Outside hospital/Remote locations (Internet)
WANs
38
used for storing/archiving and communicating images in the digital radiology department
PACS
39
RIS/HIS is integrated with the PACS via computer networks, using communications standards such as DICOM and HL7, for effective managements of patient information
Information Systems
40
Important element of image and data communications is
image compression
41
all the data from the original file is preserved
Lossless or Reversible Compression
42
removes some data from the original file and saves the image with a reduced file size
Lossy or Irreversible Compression
43
method which eliminate unnoticeable data
Lossy or Irreversible Compression
44
refers to the use of PACS and RIS and HIS to manage the vast number of images and text data produced in a digital radiology department with databases and file management software
Image and Information Management
45
handle essential textual information
RIS/HIS
46
handle images generated by the various digital imaging modalities
PACS
47
concept of IHE originated in
1998
48
IHE
Integrating the Health Care Enterprise
49
RSNA
Radiological Society of North America
50
HIMSS
Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society
51
developed what they refer to as Technical Framework that is based on 3 essential elements
RSNA and HIMSS
52
3 essential elements of Technical Framework
1. Data model 2. An Actor 3. An integration Profile
53
makes use of photostimulable or storage phosphors to produce digital images using existing x-ray imaging equipment
Computed Radiography
54
a computer is used to process data collected by radiographic means to produce digital images of the patient
Computed Radiography
55
In _____, Fuji Medical Systems introduced CR Imaging System
1983
56
CR Imaging System examples
AGFA, KODAK, KONICA and CANNON
57
BASIC STEPS IN THE PRODUCTION OF A CR IMAGE
1. The IP is exposed to x-rays, which causes electrons in the phosphors to move to another energy level, where they remain trapped, creating a latent image 2. The plate is then taken to the CR reader/processor (digital image processor) where it is scanned by a laser beam, which causes the trapped electrons to return to their original orbit, and in the process, light emitted 3. The light is collected by a light guide and sent to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The electrical signal output from the PMT is subsequently converted into digital data 4. A digital processor processes the digital data to produce a CR image that can be viewed in a monitor 5. The IP exposed to a bright light to erase it (the residual latent image is removed) 6. The IP can now be used again
58
Limited ability to image detail (spatial resolution)
CR Systems
59
3-5 lp/mm
CR Systems
60
Contrast resolution can be manipulated
CR Systems
61
Better DQE (converts x-ray into useful image)
CR Systems
62
10-15 lp/mm
Film-Screen Radiography
63
Contrast resolution is fixed
Film-Screen Radiography
64
developed to overcome the shortcomings of CR systems
Flat-Panel Digital Radiography
65
designed as a flat-panel, totally different in design structure and function
Flat-Panel Digital Radiography
66
produces are effective strategies to ensure continuous quality improvement of a product
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
67
In Radiology, QA/QC policies and procedures and related activities are all intended to:
i. Ensure that patients are exposed to minimum radiation using the ALARA philosophy ii. Produce optimum image quality for diagnosis iii. Reduce the costs of radiology operations
68
DR IMAGING SYSTEM MAJOR COMPONENTS:
1. Data Acquisition 2. Computer Data Processing 3. Image Display and Post-Processing 4. Image Storage 5. Image and Data Communications 6. Image and Information Management
69
not processed image
latent image
70
digital replacement of conventional x-ray film
Computed Radiography
71
reduce usage of film and solutions (consumables)
Computed Radiography
72
imaging plates are reusable, no need to use a film for each patient
Computed Radiography
73
similar to conventional because there is a processor but conventional has manual processor and is already obsolete. Automatic processor is being used today
Computed Radiography
74
also known as daylight processing and has imaging plate (reusable up to 10,000x and has a phosphor plate inside)
Automatic processor
75
advanced form of x-ray, no need of a processor
Digital Radiography
76
the image will automatically will be displayed on a computer
Digital Radiography
77
happens in a flat panel
Digital Radiography
78
offers the highest quality images because of the minute tissues of the breast
Digital Mammography
79
Digital Mammography uses ____ monitor
5k
80
allows us to see deep structures in real time (moving)
Digital Fluoroscopy
81
provide cross-sectional images, usually used for emergency situations
Computed Tomography
82
similar to ultrasound; does not use ionizing radiation | and forms of images of the anatomy and physiology of the body
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
83
uses very small of radioactive materials or radiopharmaceuticals to examine organ function and structure
Nuclear Medicine
84
it is the patient that is generating x-rays that will be detected by the gamma camera
Nuclear Medicine
85
widely used for pregnant women because It does not use ionizing radiation
Diagnostic Medical Sonography
86
The analog signals must then be converted into ____ data for processing by a computer
digital
87
to reduce storage space (costs) and decrease the image transmission time
Image compression
88
DQE
Detective Quantum Efficiency

RT 212 (10 decks)

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