7. The Business of IT Flashcards
What are the five different domains that IT functions cover?
- Communication
- Data collection and management
- Information security management
- Consumer relationship management
- Process improvement
____ is the system of processes that ensures the effective and efficient use of IT to enable an organization to achieve its business goals and to add value to key stakeholders in an organization.
IT governance
____ set up, maintain, and monitor the hardware and software that support the networking components of the computer systems.
Network administrators
____ set up, maintain, and monitor devices that support business operations. These devices include anything from projectors and smartboards in a training room to the devices in the server room.
Systems administrators
____ control the outward-facing content on an organization’s website and intranets and ensure that the sites function and integrate with back-end systems, such as supporting databases.
Web administrators
____ configure and troubleshoot an organization’s data repositories.
Database administrators
____ monitor the behaviors of the system components for anomalies and malicious attacks. They also put measures in place to deter, detect, and mitigate internal and external threats.
Cybersecurity analysts
____ provide end-user training and help users resolve issues accessing resources and systems.
Technical support specialists
____ uses the resources and skills of a developed workforce from an external organization.
Outsourcing
____ refers to outsourcing outside country lines.
Offshoring
Project ____ refers to situations in which project management is handled by a third party.
outsourcing
____ refers to offshoring to countries in a closer time zone or with an economic structure close to that of the home country.
Nearshoring
____ assigns a project to employees within the organization. It generally requires the development of new operations and processes, making it an expensive option.
Insourcing
What are the four phases of the project management lifecycle?
- Initiation phase
- Planning phase
- Execution phase
- Project closure
The ____ phase of project management broadly defines the project. It usually begins with a business case, followed by a feasibility study. During the feasibility study, research assesses whether the business case will lead to a reasonable, feasible solution.
project initiation
A ____, also known as a ____, outlines the business needs, the stakeholders, and the business case.
project charter, project initiation document
The ____ stage of project management includes developing a road map that everyone follows.
project planning
What does the SMART framework stand for?
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Timely
What does the CLEAR framework stand for?
Collaborative – The goal should encourage employees to work together.
Limited – The goal should be limited in scope and time to keep it manageable.
Emotional –The goal should tap into the passion of employees and be something they can form an emotional connection to. This can optimize the quality of work.
Appreciable – Break larger goals into smaller tasks that can be quickly achieved.
Refinable –As new situations arise, be flexible and refine the goal as needed.
Project planning defines the project ____ and drafts a project ____.
scope, management plan
A project generally has which five documents by the end of the planning phase?
- Scope statement outlining the objectives, deliverables, and milestones
- Work breakdown structure (WBS) breaking the project into manageable segments for the team
- Milestones defining high-level goals to meet throughout the project’s duration
- Communication plan outlining the frequency and methods of communicating with stakeholders
- Risk management plan identifying foreseeable risks, including cost overruns and delays
During the ____ phase of project management, project deliverables are developed and completed.
project execution
At the ____ phase of project management, the project is declared complete and the project team is dissolved. Project managers complete the final project documentation, including financial reports. Generally, meetings are also a part of this phase, allowing members of the project team to reflect on strengths and opportunities for improvement.
project closure
The three broad categories of risks a project may encounter are risks in ____, risks in ____, and risks of the ____.
execution, integration, unknown
Two key strategies to successfully identify risks are frequent monitoring of project ____ and sound ____ between project participants.
parameters and milestones, communication
This type of project risk involves uncontrolled change of a project’s goals, typically adding tasks and increased, unplanned costs to the project.
Scope creep
When a project meets the requirements but delivers fewer benefits than outlined in this business case, this is known as a benefit ____.
shortfall
This project risk involves the chance of a major negative event beyond human control, such as a natural disaster.
Force majeure risk
What are the four phases of the system development lifecycle?
- Requirements analysis
- Design
- Implementation
- Testing
What does CASE stand for in software development?
Computer-Aided Software Engineering
What are examples of IDEs that help users develop smartphone applications?
Appery.io
TheAppBuilder
AppMachine
What are three organizations that provide guidelines for developing integrated systems and establish standards for measuring the quality of system and software development?
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
What are the six phases of the software development lifecycle?
- Planning
- Design
- Implementation
- Testing
- Deployment
- Maintenance
A ____ study determines whether development is possible under the given constraints and whether the development aligns with the organization’s mission.
feasibility
What does COTS stand for (e.g., a COTS system)?
Commercial Off-The-Shelf
The ____ is a written agreement between all parties that records the system requirements and guides system development.
System Requirement Specification (SRS)
What are the four primary categories of software maintenance?
- Corrective maintenance – removes errors to ensure functionality of the system.
- Adaptive maintenance – performed when organizational changes affect system requirements, such as changes in the organizational procedures, forms, or system controls and security needs.
- Perfective maintenance – performed when new components are introduced, or existing components are improved, to enhance overall system performance.
- Preventive maintenance – refers to changes made to increase the life span of systems and could include restructuring, optimizing code, or updating documentation that impacts the scalability, stability, and maintainability of the system.
The theory that 80% of errors come from 20% of the system—thus meaning that most errors can be identified by testing carefully selected groups of samples—is known as the ____ principle.
Pareto
____ testing develops a set of test data that ensures each instruction in the software is executed at least once.
Basis path
____ testing, commonly known as ____ testing, includes having developers test internal structures of software.
Glass-box, white-box
____ testing does not rely on the tester’s knowledge of the system’s structure but is focused on the user experience (UX).
Black-box
Black-box testing involves ____, ____, and ____ testing.
alpha, beta, user acceptance
What are three types of system documentation?
- User documentation – explains the system to users and may include information such as how to access certain features, frequently asked questions (FAQs), and contact information for customer support.
- System documentation – describes the system’s internal configuration so the system can be maintained later in its life cycle. A major part of software development system documentation is software code. The code needs to be versioned and presented in a readable format.
- Technical documentation – describes how to install and maintain the system, including information about installing updates and providing feedback to the development team.
The ____ model of system engineering follows the development process sequentially.
waterfall
____ is building and evaluating basic versions of a proposed system.
Prototyping
____ methods are system development methodologies that propose incremental implementations, respond to rapidly changing requirements, and reduce the emphasis on rigorous requirements. Scrum and extreme programming are both examples of agile methodologies.
Agile
In the ____ model, systems are developed by a team of fewer than a dozen individuals working in a communal workspace, where they freely share ideas and assist each other in the development project.
extreme programming (XP)
____ refers to the amount of time client data and resources are available on the servers.
Uptime
Availability is often measured in the number of nines (including the whole number) found in a percentage.
For example, if an organization is required to have 99.999% uptime, it is stated as “five nines.”
Data ____ is a strategy used for disaster recovery and business continuity. It involves setting up the operating system to simultaneously write copies of the data on several storage devices.
mirroring
____ storage allows organizations the quickest access to restore critical data in the event of a disaster or catastrophe.
Hot
Can be more expensive because of the high-performing resources and protocols involved.
____ storage offers less frequent access and is maintained on minimal equipment that is considered lower performance. Returning to normal operations after a disaster is slower with cold storage.
Cold
