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D322 - Introduction to IT > 4. Computer Networks > Flashcards

4. Computer Networks Flashcards

1
Q

Sharing information and resources through linked computer systems is called ____.

A

networking

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2
Q

What are the three major categories of networks?

A

Personal Area Network (PAN): normally used for short-range communications, such as wireless headphones to a smartphone or a wireless mouse to a PC.

Local Area Network (LAN): a collection of computers in a single building or building complex.

Wide Area Network (WAN): a collection of systems over a greater distance, including machines on the opposite sides of the world.

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3
Q

A(n) ____ network’s internal workings are based on designs that are in the public domain.

A(n) ____ network’s internal workings are based on designs owned or controlled by third parties.

A

open, closed (or proprietary)

The internet is an example of an open network.

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4
Q

This is one of the most common network topologies. In this type of network, the machines are connected to a common communication line.

A

Bus network

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5
Q

In a ____ network, a single machine serves as a central point to which all others are connected.

A

star

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6
Q

In a ____ network, devices connect directly to other devices (though not to all devices) as a peer.

A

ring

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7
Q

A ____ network connects every device in the network to every other device. These types of networks enable redundancy while also introducing significantly more network traffic.

A

mesh

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8
Q

The bus network topology became popular in the 1990s when it was implemented under a set of standards/protocols known as the ____.

A

Ethernet

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9
Q

The star topology is used today in wireless networks where communication is carried out via radio broadcast to a central machine called the ____.

A

access point (AP)

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10
Q

Instant messaging and interactive games played by users on multiple machines are both examples of the ____ model for interprocess communication.

A

peer-to-peer (P2P)

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11
Q

____ systems execute software as processes on more than one computer.

A

Distributed

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12
Q

What are three types of distributed system?

A
  1. Cluster computing: uses many independent computers to provide computation or services comparable to those of a larger machine. Cluster computing provides high availability as it is likely that at least one computer in the cluster will be able to answer a request even when others in the cluster are unavailable or broken down.
  2. Grid computing: typically includes specialized software to make it easier to distribute the workload and data among the machines in the grid.
  3. Cloud computing: provides large pools of shared computers that can be allocated to clients as needed.
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13
Q

What are the two types of transmission media?

A

Wired and wireless

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14
Q

What are examples of wired network media?

A

Twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, optical fiber cables

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15
Q

What are two common types of twisted part cables?

A

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables and shielded twisted pair (STP) cables.

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16
Q

Network bandwidth is typically measured in ___ per second and ____ per second.

A

megabits (Mbps) and gigabits (Gbps). (Note the difference between megabits and megabytes)

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17
Q

____ cables have an outer plastic that is used in computer networks and to deliver cable TV services.

A

Coaxial

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18
Q

____ is a signal at a very narrow frequency range on which data or information is superimposed and then transmitted.

A

Baseband

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19
Q

____ is considered high-capacty transmission technologies that are used to transmit data, voice, and video across long distances and at high speeds.

A

Broadband

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20
Q

____ cable uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or plastic.

A

Fiber-optic

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21
Q

Wireless transmission uses ____ waves, such as ____ and ____ waves, to transmit data within a network.

A

electromagnetic, infrared, radio

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22
Q

Using your smartphone to make a payment at the grocery store is an example of using ____ communication.

A

near field (NFC)

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23
Q

Bluetooth supports distances shorter than ____ feet.

A

30

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24
Q

Wi-Fi devices can be accessed up to ____ feet away.

A

300

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25
Q

What are the various categories of network cables, and what are their maximum bandwidths?

A

CAT1 - 1Mbps
CAT2 - 4 Mbps
CAT3 - 10 Mbps
CAT4 - 16 Mbps
CAT5 - 100 Mbps
CAT5e - 1 Gbps
CAT6 - 10 Gbps
CAT7 - 10 Gbps

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26
Q

What is the difference between the Internet (capital “i”) and the internet (lower-case “i”)?

A

The Internet is the worldwide internet. An internet, on the other hand, is simply a network of networks.

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27
Q

A ____ converts incoming analog data from an ISP to digital data, and outgoing digital data into analog. It provides the access point to the Internet.

A

modem

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28
Q

A ____ monitors network traffic and blocks traffic that triggers its safety rules, providing a barrier between a trusted private network and an untrusted network like the Internet.

A

firewall

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29
Q

____ are special-purpose computers that forward messages to and from the machines on their network.

A

Routers

A router connected to your LAN acts as gateway to the internet. (This device on your LAN can be also be called a Gateway.) Routers manage network traffic by having a routing table of known devices. If a destination address is unknown to the Router, it will forward the message to another router. This analyze and forward process continues until the message reaches the correct address.

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30
Q

Routers use their ____ to match up the private IP address with the internet IP address, and send the message to the correct machine.

A

forwarding table

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31
Q

A network ____ extends the network by using ____ to forward data to the intended hard-wired devices.

A

switch, packet switching

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32
Q

____ extend the range of cabling types so connections can be made by increasing the strength of the network signal.

A

Repeaters

33
Q

____ are used to connect to different types of network and provide management of the message.

A

Bridges

For example, a bridge can connect a twisted pair and coaxial network. The bridge analyzes the network message and will only bridge the network if a message is addressed to a device on the other side.

34
Q

____ are used on LANs to reduce network traffic by management of network messages.

A

Switches

Older devices would broadcast all messages to all devices on the LAN. For example, on a 100-device network, a switch would only send one message to the destination device. This management example would create 99% less traffic.

35
Q

What type of cable can broadcast in both baseband and broadband mode?

A

Coaxial

36
Q

The individual networks comprising the internet are constructed and maintained by ____.

A

internet service providers (ISPs)

37
Q

How many tiers of ISPs are there?

A

three

38
Q

Tier ____ ISPs are the least common type of ISP and serves as the backbone of the internet.

A

1

Tier 1 ISPs consist of high-speed, high-capacity, international WANs that are typically operated by large communication companies.

39
Q

Tier ____ ISPs are more common and regional in scope.

A

2

Tier 1 and Tier 2 ISPs are essentially networks of routers that collectively provide the internet’s communication infrastructure.

40
Q

Tier ____ ISPs, also called ____ ISPs, are independent internets, sometimes called intranets, operated by a single organization that supplies internet access to homes and businesses.

A

1, access

41
Q

The devices used to connect to the access ISP are called ____ or ____.

A

end systems, hosts

42
Q

The internet uses ____ addresses as unique identifiers.

A

IP (internet protocol)

43
Q

The internet used to use a ____-bit address pattern (IP version ____ or ____) to uniquely identify all of the internet components until we ran out of unique identifiers. Today we use ____-bit addresses (IP version ____ or ____) in addition to legacy addresses.

A

32, 4, IPv4, 128, 6, IPv6

44
Q

IPv4 addresses are traditionally written in ____ notation, which the bytes of the address separated by ____.

A

dotted decimal, periods

45
Q

IPv6 addresses are written in ____.

A

hexadecimal

An IPv6 address could look like this: 2001:D88:12:34::1111

46
Q

An alternative internet identification system accesses machines using ____.

A

mnemonic

47
Q

“.edu” or “.com” are examples of ____.

A

top-level domains (TLD)

48
Q

____ is a hierarchical and decentralized system that translates human-readable domain names into numerical IP addresses—which computers use to identify one another on a network.

A

DNS (Domain Name System)

49
Q

At the top of the DNS hierarchy are the ____ DNS servers, which direct requests to the appropriate top-level domain (TLD) servers.

A

root

50
Q

____ is the process of translating a domain name into an IP address.

A

DNS resolution

51
Q

Every domain must be registered with the ____.

A

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

52
Q

____ are rules, procedures, and formats that govern the communication of multiple devices over a network.

A

Network protocols

53
Q

Email transmission is supported by basic network protocols such as ____.

A

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

54
Q

SMTP uses Domain Name System (DNS) lookups to identify the recipient of the email and send the message over the internet to a mail server where it can be retrieved using protocols such as ____ and ____.

A

POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3), IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

55
Q

____ is used for voice communication over the Internet.

A

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

56
Q

Transporting audio and video data across the Internet in near real-time is referred to as ____.

A

streaming

57
Q

Large-scale streaming services use ____, which are groups of servers distributed strategically over the Internet that stream copies of content to nearby end users.

A

Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)

58
Q

A networking technology called ____ enables an end user to connect to the closest server automatically.

A

anycast

59
Q

Who came up with the idea of combining internet technology with hypertext (linked documents), leading to the World Wide Web (WWW)?

A

Tim Berners-Lee

60
Q

The World Wide Web (WWW) is composed of a ____ document format for embedding hyperlinks to other documents, a ____ for transferring hypertext over the network, and a ____ process that supplies hypertext pages upon request.

A

hypertext, protocol, server

61
Q

Each hypertext document available through the World Wide Web is given a unique address called a ____.

A

uniform resource locator (URL)

62
Q

What is an example of a commonly-structured model of a URL?

A

http://subdomain.domain.top-level-domain/directory-path/document_name.html

63
Q

The ____, a generalized language, provides a standardized style for designing notational systems for representing data as text files.

A

extensible markup language (XML)

64
Q

The Internet is ____ while the World Wide Web is ____ on top of the Internet.

A

infrastructure, service

65
Q

XML focuses on ____, while HTML focuses on ____.

A

semantics, appearance

66
Q

____ is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network

A

Malware (malicious software)

67
Q

A ____ is a software program that infects a computer by inserting itself into programs that already reside in the machine.

A

virus

68
Q

A ____ is an autonomous program that forwards copies of itself to other machines in a network and could result in detriment of individual machines or the operations of the network.

A

worm

69
Q

____ resides on a computer, collecting information about the computer’s activities and reporting back to the spyware’s instigator. Passwords or credit card numbers can be exposed via this type of malware.

A

Spyware

70
Q

____ is another technique used to obtain private information by simply asking for it. The perpetrator sends emails posing as a legitimate business asking for information

A

Phishing

71
Q

A ____ attack is the process of overloading a computer with messages and results in suffocating the network resources.

A

denial-of-service (DoS)

72
Q

____, also referred to as a(n) ____ attack, involves an attacker intercepting data as it is traveling to or from the victim’s device, including authentication credentials.

A

Packet sniffing, man-in-the-middle (MITM)

73
Q

In a ____ attack, the attacker uses all possible combinations of characters to learn a user’s password.

A

brute force

74
Q

____ attacks are performed by the attacker by using an application and a large text file with just words.

A

Dictionary

75
Q

____ try to identify the hash value of a password, then convert it back to plain text.

A

Rainbow tables

76
Q

What does the CIA triad stand for?

A

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. Moving toward one point in this triad could compromise another.

77
Q

A ____ is a software that acts as an intermediary between a client and a server to shield the client from adverse actions of the server.

A

proxy server

78
Q

____ software monitors network behaviors such as the origin and volume of traffic, looking for anomalies to proactively or reactively mitigate unwanted occurrences.

A

Network auditing

79
Q

Familiar, easy-to-read names that are used to navigate the internet, such as “www.google.com” are called ____ names.

A

domain

D322 - Introduction to IT (7 decks)

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