7. NAVEDTRA 10244 Basic Music (Excluding APP C, CH1, CH 14) Flashcards
Define Divided Notes
Slashes or strokes through the stem of a note. Indicates to divide notes into equal lesser values using given pitch.
Cross-strokes (aka “slash” notation) indicate what?
Repeated beats.
Name 4 octave signs which indicate “octave”
8va, 8ve, 8, ottava
Sign for “octave lower”
8va bassa
Sign for “octave higher”
8va alta
Sign for “with octave”
con 8va
Sign for “where written”
loco
Name 8 melodic ornaments
Acciaccatura (grace note)AppoggiaturaDouble Grace Note (disjunct)Multiple Grace Note (conjunct)MordentTurn (gruppetto)TrillInverted Trill
What type of melodic ornament is indicated by an 8th note in small type with a slash through it?
Acciaccatura or Grace Note
This melodic ornament is usually performed before the beat, taking its time value from the preceding note and is very short.
Acciaccatura or Grace Note
This melodic ornament, when used in music of the Baroque and/or Classic periods (Haydn, Mozart, Handel, etc.), occurs ON the beat, taking its time value from the succeeding note and is very short.
Acciaccatura or Grace Note
A note in small type whose time value is NOT counted in the rhythm of the measure, always occurs on the beat & takes its time value from the succeeding note.
Appoggiatura
What value would you give the appoggiatura that precedes a note whose time value is divisible by 2?
1/2 of the value (quarter = appoggiatura = eighth note)
What value would you give the appoggiatura that precedes a note whose time value is divisible by 3?
2/3 of the value (dotted half = appoggiatura = half note or 2 quarters)
Two notes (usually 1 above and 1 below principal note) which may be performed on the beat or before the beat, depending on the character of the music. (NOTE: Standard practice is before the beat)
Double Grace Note
Why is a double grace note disjunct?
It is typically 1 note below & 1 note above the principal note.
A scale wise series of 2 or more small notes usually performed before the beat; although sometimes performed on the beat, depending on the character of the music.
Multiple Grace Note
Why is a multiple grace note considered conjunct?
The notes are scale or step wise.
A single or double alternation of the principal note with it’s lower neighbor - or with its upper neighbor when inverted.
Mordent
What’s the difference in notation of a mordent and a double mordent?
Mordent has a straight line through the squiggle, inverted does not.
Alternation of the principal note with its upper AND lower neighbor, consisting of 4 notes.
Turn or Gruppetto
If a turn sign is placed over the principal note, where does the turn start and where does the value come from?
It begins on the upper neighbor & takes it’s time from the 1st part of the principal note.
If a turn sign is placed between 2 notes of different pitch, where is it performed?
It starts on the upper neighbor and is performed on the last part of the principal (first) note.
If a turn sign is placed between 2 notes of the same pitch, how is it performed?
The first 3 notes are performed on the last part of the principal note - the second “same” pitch becomes becomes the 4th note of the turn.
If a turn sign is placed after a dotted note, how is it performed?
Performed the same as if placed between 2 notes of same pitch. (The first 3 notes are performed on the last part of the principal note - the second “same” pitch becomes becomes the 4th note of the turn).
If a turn is inverted, how is it performed?
The upper & lower neighbors change places - in other words, start the turn on the lower neighbor instead of the upper.
What’s the difference in the notation of a turn & an inverted turn?
The sign - sideways “S” - looks like a correct “S” - on its side if it’s inverted. A regular turn is similar to a “2” on its side.
A rapid alternation of the principal note with its upper neighbor, lasting the duration of the note value or to the end of the wavy line.
Trill
A trill is often followed by this as a completion of the trill.
1 or more grace notes.
If grace notes are not indicated following a trill, what is the common practice?
A single alternation with the lower neighbor of the principal - ending on the principal.
How is an inverted trill different from a normal trill?
It starts on the upper neighbor instead of the principal & it is notated with a grace note above the principal along with the “tr” and/or wavy line.
Which type of trill was most common in music prior to Beethoven (1770)?
Inverted Trill
The style & character of the music must be regarded as the essential determinant of what?
Performance
Symbols or interpretation markings should be regarded as simply what?
Reminders or suggestions for performance.
Name 7 common articulation markings.
Legato (Slurred)Tenuto (Non-legato or Leggiero)Portato (Mezzo Staccato)StaccatoStaccatissimoHorizontal AccentVertical Accent
Maximum duration. To be performed without interruption between notes. Only first note is attacked.
Legato (Slurred)
Held full value. To be performed with only a very slight break between notes to allow for the attack.
Tenuto (Non-legato or Leggiero)
Duration slightly more than half. To be performed with a slight break between the notes.
Portato (Mezzo-Staccato)
Duration about half. Performance varies from short to very short with the character and tempo of the music.
Staccato
Usually performed as short as possible, with a slight emphasis.
Staccatissimo
Attacked with force, usually followed by a slight decrescendo. Performed louder than surrounding dynamic level. Has no effect on duration.
Horizontal Accent
Attacked with force, usually followed by a retention of dynamic level. Performed louder than surrounding dynamic level. Occasionally performed with a slight lessening of duration.
Vertical Accent
There are 15 Jazz Expressive Devices. What are they?
BendDrop or FallDoit, Doik, or DoinkFalse FingeringsFlip or TurnGlissandoMutingPlopRip or FlareScoopShakeSmearStraight EighthsSubtoneSwallowed Notes
Of the 15 Jazz Expressive Devices, 6 are some type of glissando. What are they?
Doit, Doik, or DoinkDrop or FallPlopRegular GlissandoRip or FlareScoop
A short glissando from below to a note of any value. It’s time value is taken from the previous note or rest.
Scoop
A glissando that usually starts a 4th or 5th below a note of any value. It’s time value is taken from the previous note or rest.
Rip or Flare
A glissando which usually starts a 4th or 5th above a note of any value. It’s time value is taken from the previous note or rest.
Plop
Sometimes this is required between 2 notes - with its time value taken from the first of the 2 connected notes.
Regular Glissando
An ascending glissando that begins on the second half of a note of any value.
Doit, Doik, or Doink
A descending glissando that begins on the second half of a note of any value.
Drop or Fall
Saxophones can use Chromatic or diatonic scales for which jazz expressive glissandos?
Regular GlissandoDrop or FallDoit, Doik, or Doink
Trumpets can use “half valve or overtone series lip slurs” for which jazz expressive glissandos?
Rip or FlarePlopDrop or FallDoit, Doik, or Doink
“Lip up or finger lower grace note” are instructions to who to play what?
Saxophones, Scoop
Trombones can use “slide movement or overtone series lip slurs” for which jazz expressive glissandos?
PlopDrop or FallDoit, Doik, or Doink
“Lip up, finger lower grace note or half valve” are instructions to who to play what?
Trumpets, Scoop
“Lip or short slide movement” are instructions to who to play what?
Trombones, Scoop
“Lip up with chromatic or diatonic scale” are instructions to who to play what?
Saxophones, Rip or Flare
“Longer slide movement or overtone series lip slur” are instructions to who to play what?
Trombones, Rip or Flare
“Lip down with chromatic or diatonic scale” are instructions to who to play what?
Saxophones, Plop
“Chromatic or diatonic scale, half valve and slide” are instructions for sax, trumpet & trombone for what common jazz device?
Regular Glissando
Which melodic ornament is the only one that is always performed ON the beat?
Appoggiatura
This jazz expressive device is a variation on the classical Turn of Gruppetto.
Flip or Turn
“Perform the principal note, slur to the note above the principal note, glissando to the 2nd written note” are directions for who to play what?
Saxophone, Flip or Turn
“Perform the principal note, slur to the 1st available overtone above the principal note, lip slur the overtone series to the 2nd written note” are directions for who to play what?
Trumpets & Trombones, Flip or Turn
This effect is produced by “attacking the note in the normal manner, lowering the pitch by relaxing the embouchure, & bringing the note back up to pitch by tightening the embouchure.”
Bend
This effect is produced by “attacking the note below. Penal pitch by using a relaxed embouchure and bringing the note up to pitch by tightening the embouchure.” Its time value is NOT taken from the previous note or rest.
Smear
This effect is essentially a lip trill from the note marked, up to an overtone above.
Shake
The width & speed of the shake is normally determined by who?
Section leader or band leader
How does a saxophone simulate a shake?
With a keyed trill (lip trill is not possible)
This saxophone effect consists of a soft, airy sound produced by relaxing the embouchure.
Subtone
Muting is a way to alter brass wind sounds. What is H.O.B.?
Hand over bell
What is the purpose of false Fingerings & swallowed notes?
To change the timbre of a note
How are swallowed notes typically indicated?
With parentheses
These “notes” are performed at a lower dynamic level than surrounding notes.
Swallowed notes
Straight eighths are sometimes used to replace swing eighths for effect. How are they notated?
With a tenuto sign or simply marked “straight eighths”
Adagio
Slow
Largo
Slow, broad
Andante
Going, walking
Moderato
Moderate
Name 2 medium tempi
Andante, Moderato
Allegro
Cheerful, Quick
Vivace
Lively
Presto
Fast
Name 3 faster tempi
Allegro, Vivace, Presto
Tenuto
Momentary change in tempo meaning “held or sustained” (I just think full value)
Rubato
Momentary change in tempo meaning “robbed or stolen.”
Deliberate unsteadiness of tempo
Rubato
A slackening and quickening of tempo for the sake of expression
Rubato
Fermata
Stay, stop
Unmeasured pause or hold
Fermata
A rest for the entire band
General Pause (G.P.) - sometimes called a grand pause
Name 6 momentary changes in tempo
Tenuto, Rubato, Fermata, General Pause (G.P.), Lunga Pause, Cut Off
Lunga Pause
Long pause
An abrupt, short pause
Cut Off (//)
Name 4 Increasing tempo terms
Accelerando, Incalzando, Stringendo, Piu Mosso
Accelerating
Accelerando
Hastening, pressing forward
Incalzando
Suddenly accelerating
Stringendo
More moved
Piu Mosso
Name 8 decreasing tempo terms
Allargando, Calando, Rallentando, Ritardando, Ritenuto, Meno Mosso, Morendo, Smorzando
Becoming broader, slower
Allargando
Slowing and decreasing in loudness (3 possibilities)
Calando, Morendo, Smorzando
Gradually slower (2 possibilities)
Rallentando (rall.) OR Ritardando (rit.)
Suddenly slower
Ritenuto
Less moved
Meno Mosso
These 3 terms indicate a return to a previous tempo
A Tempo, Primo Tempo, Tempo I
In (original) tempo
A Tempo
First tempo (2 possibilities)
Primo Tempo or Tempo I
These 3 terms indicate “No change in Tempo” (or same tempo)
L’istesso Tempo, Lo Stesso Tempo, Stesso Tempo
Lento
Slow, Dragging
Name 3 “soft” dynamic indicators
pp - very softp - softmp - medium soft
Pianissimo
very soft
Piano
soft
Mezzo Piano
medium soft
Name 3 “loud” dynamic indicators
mf - mezzo fortef - forteff - fortissimo
Mezzo Forte
Medium strong (loud)
Forte
Strong (loud)
Fortissimo
Very strong (loud)
These 6 terms are directions for increasing dynamics
CrescendoForzando, Forzato Sforzando, SforzatoRinzforzando
Crescendo
cresc. - gradually increasing loudness
Forzando and/or Forzato
fz - forced, strongly accented
Sforzando and/or Sforzato
sfz - forced, strongly accented
Rinzforzando
rfz OR rinf. - sudden stress or emphasis
These 5 terms are directions for decreasing dynamics
CalandoDecrescendoDiminuendoMorendoSmorzando
Calando
cal. - decreasing loudness, slowing
Decrescendo
decresc. OR dec. - gradually decreasing loudness
Diminuendo
dim. - gradually decreasing loudness
Morendo
mor. - decreasing loudness
Smorzando
smorz. - decreasing loudness, slowing
These three dynamic indicators share this definition - “decreasing loudness, slowing”
Calando, Morendo, Smorzando
These 2 dynamic indicators share this definition - “gradually decreasing loudness”
Decrescendo and Diminuendo
Italian term for “To, at, for, by, in, etc.”
a
Italian term for “According to”
Alla
Italian term for “Very”
Assai
Italian term for “Well”
Ben
Italian term for “With”
Con
Italian term for “Of, from”
Da, di
Italian term for “Double”
Doppio
Italian term for “And”
e
Italian term for “The”
Il (iL)
Italian term for “But”
Ma
Italian term for “Less”
Meno
Italian term for “Half”
Mezzo
Italian term for “Much”
Molto
Italian term for “Moved”
Mosso
Italian term for “Motion”
Moto
Italian term for “Not”
Non
Italian term for “More”
Piu
Italian term for “Little”
Poco
Italian term for “First”
Primo
Italian term for “Like, as”
Quasi
Italian term for “Dry”
Secco
Italian term for “Always”
Sempre
Italian term for “Without”
Senza
Italian term for “Under”
Sotto
Italian term for “Same”
Stesso
Italian term for “As much, so much”
Tanto
Italian term for “Too (much)”
Troppo
Italian term for “A, an, one”
Un, uno, una
Italian term for “Voice”
Voce
Italian term for “Attack Suddenly”
Attacca Subito
Italian term for “Divide in two (three)”
Div a 2 (3)
Italian term for “With the part”
Colla Parte
Italian term for “Follows”
Segue
Italian term for “Mute(s)”
Sordino(i)
Italian term for “Turn (page) immediately”
Volta subito or V.S.
Italian term for “Alone, performed by a single performer”
Solo
Italian term for “Plural of solo, more than one player plays the solo parts”
Soli
Italian term for “All together”
Tutti
Italian term for “Full band”
Ensemble (Ens.)
Italian term for “Agitated”
Agitato
Italian term for “Spirited”
Animato
Italian term for “Bravery”
Bravura
Italian term for “Brilliant”
Brilliante
Italian term for “Brilliance”
Brio
Italian term for “Singing”
Cantabile
Italian term for “As if sung”
Cantando
Italian term for “Decisive”
Deciso
Italian term for “Sweet”
Dolce
Italian term for “Sweetly”
Dolcemente
Italian term for “Grief”
Dolore
Italian term for “Pained”
Doloroso
Italian term for “Grieving”
Dolente
Italian term for “Energetic”
Energico
Italian term for “Expressive”
Espressivo (Expressivo)
Italian term for “Force”
Forza
Italian term for “Fire”
Fuoco
Italian term for “Just, strict, precise”
Giusto
Italian term for “Heavy” (2 answers)
Grave, Pesante
Italian term for “Tearful”
Lacrimoso
Italian term for “Majestic”
Maestoso
Italian term for “Marked”
Marcato
Italian term for “March”
Marcia
Italian term for “Martial”
Marziale
Italian term for “Impassioned”
Passionato, Appassionato
Italian term for “At pleasure”
Piacere, a piacere
Italian term for “Pompous”
Pomposo
Italian term for “Ponderous”
Ponderoso
Italian term for “Religious”
Religioso
Italian term for “Playful, joking”
Scherzando
Italian term for “Sustained”
Sostenuto
Italian term for “Loud, noisy”
Strepitoso
Italian term for “Vigorously”
Vigoroso
