7. Miscellaneous Legal and Ethical Concerns

Question 1

DIAGNOSTIC SERVICE DEPARTMENTS

Answer 1

1. Clinical Laboratory, subdivisions of Hematology, Clinical Chemistry,
   Microbiology, Histopathology & Blood bank.
2. Radiology, subdivisions of Radiodiagnosis (UTZ, CT, MRI, and Nuclear
   Medicine)
3. Specialized lab for investigations like ECG, EEG, Endoscopy Unit, and
   Respiratory Functions
4. Laboratory for testing speech and hearing

Question 2

The size and scope of service depend on;

Answer 2

• size of the hospital
• its geographic location
• characteristics of the care provided by the hospital
• association with other medical centers

Question 3

medically qualified person with postgraduate qualifications in the
appropriate subject like Pathology/Clinical Pathology; functions as
administrative chief of the department & as a specialist concerned with the
quality of the services provided.

Answer 3

chief of service

Question 4

are health care professions distinct from optometry, dentistry, nursing,
medicine, and pharmacy. They provide a range of diagnostic, technical,
therapeutic, and support services in connection with health care.

Answer 4

Allied health professions

Question 5

Centralization Advantages:

Answer 5

1. ) Nonduplication of equipment and facilities.
2. ) Routine tests can be done faster and more economically by “batching”
3. ) Larger volumes make automation feasible.

Question 6

Centralization Disadvantages:

Answer 6

1. ) Delays (transportation of patient/sample)

2. ) Large volume of work may lead to compromise in quality

Question 7

Decentralization Advantages:

Answer 7

1. ) rapid availability of results
2. ) specialized procedures in certain areas (e.g. neonates)
3. ) Less inconvenience to patients
4. ) Essentially for critically ill patients

Question 8

Decentralization Disadvantages:

Answer 8

1. ) Lack of adequate supervision and control

2. ) Wastage of consumables

Question 9

Physical Facilities

Answer 9

Location, 
Areas of activity,
Space,
Equipment,
Resuscitation,
Occupational Hazards

Question 10

easy accessibility to OP/IP, close to lifts and staircases and should be compact.

Answer 10

Location

Question 11

space for chief of service, secretary, clerks, conference

Answer 11

Administrative area

Question 12

rooms grouped by functions, modular design, movable partitions and
standardized benches

Answer 12

Work area

Question 13

washing, sterilization, media preparation, storage

Answer 13

Service area

Question 14

reception, waiting, toilets, sample collection, recovery

Answer 14

Patient area

Question 15

is one important aspect within the department

Answer 15

Flow of traffic

Question 16

based on patient traffic (accessibility, promptness of attention,
comfort, convenience, privacy, proper examination, easy exit)

Answer 16

Primary planning

Question 17

relates to work flow (progressive movement to facilitate

completion, reporting, dispatch, filing)

Answer 17

Secondary planning

Question 18

must be minimized (minimum of personnel, maximum

efficiency, minimal fatigue

Answer 18

Technician traffic

Question 19

must be planned (interviewing and

examining patient, supervision of work by staff, reporting)

Answer 19

Supervision by technologist or specialist

Question 20

Supervision by technologist or specialist

Answer 20

Space

Question 21

high level investment with the tendency towards more and

more automation.

Answer 21

Equipment

Question 22

Resuscitation equipment & emergency drugs

Answer 22

Resuscitation

Question 23

Care should be taken to protect all personnel
from radiation (lead impregnated wall/glass, lead aprons, personnel monitors,
safe handling provisions)

Answer 23

Occupational Hazards

Question 24

Necessary to maintain cordial relationships with other departments, who
are the users.

Answer 24

Inter-relationships with other departments

Question 25

Management Problems

Answer 25

-Lack of trained manpower (most important problem)
-Allocation of work and resources
-Setting objectives (ranges of tests, reporting time), quality control,
budgetary control, ordering of supplies, wastage and breakage.

Question 26

The hospital administrator has to have information regarding the
performance of all the personnel working in the hospital.

Answer 26

Performance Appraisal System

Question 27

Employees’ Problems:
In tackling a grievance, there is need for judgment, tact, patience, listening skills
and control of emotions. Most often grievances arise from:

Answer 27

1. ) Misunderstanding
2. ) Misinterpretation
3. ) Discrimination
4. ) Violation of agreement

Question 28

uncooperative, poor in work performance, those who break the
rules and regulations or code of conduct very seriously and habitually.

Answer 28

Problem People

Question 29

Problem People:

Answer 29

• Knowledge and Skill
• Family
• Support from superiors
• Adaptability
• Social values
• Health
• Workplace

Question 30

is lost because there is no proper guidance or

planning/organization

Answer 30

Employee effectiveness

Question 31

some employees cannot cope up with the changes in function

Answer 31

Adaptability

Question 32

Employee effectiveness is lost because there is no proper guidance or
planning/organization.

Answer 32

Support from superiors

Question 33

justice, freedom, respect, etc.

Answer 33

Social values

Question 34

Physical and mental

Answer 34

Health

Question 35

highly sensitive to the environment and climate

Answer 35

Workplace

Question 36

When dealing with problem people:

Answer 36

1. ) control your emotions
2. ) Give importance to the individual’s feelings
3. ) Learn the other side of the story
4. ) Apply rules uniformly and consistently

Question 37

1. ) Personnel may be considered for higher and better positions.
2. ) The knowledge, skills and attitudes of personnel tend to decline with flux of
   time.
3. ) Personnel have to be retrained when they are shifted from one job to
   another.
4. ) Newer technology is coming up all the time.

Answer 37

Retraining

Question 38

Factors affecting retraining:

Answer 38

1. ) Age

2. ) Maturity

Question 39

younger persons accepts change more easily

Answer 39

Age (Factor affecting retraining)

Question 40

Maturity does not refer to age but to his/her:

Answer 40

• capacity to set high but attainable learning goals
• Willingness and ability to take responsibility for learning
• Previous educational levels and experiences

Question 41

medical and nonmedical
technologist responsible for
supervision and coordination of
work, providing technical
assistance, quality control and
record keeping.

Answer 41

chief of service

Question 42

Technicians whose duties
involve patient preparation,
drawing the samples,
performing the analysis,
carrying out the procedures and
reporting the result.

Answer 42

chief of service