1. Ethics and Ethical Behavior Flashcards
HL7
Health Level Seven
HIPAA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
set standards on computer security and information
HIPAA, HL7
set forth the code of ethics
American Society of Radiologic Technologists
ASRT
provisions the Rad Techs
American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT).
ASRT
American Society of Radiologic Technologists
ARRT
American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
system or code of conduct and morals advocated by a particular individual or group
Ethics
study of acceptable conduct and moral
judgment
Ethics
system of understanding determinations and motivations based on individual conceptions of right and wrong
Ethics
is not determined by strict rules or rigid guidelines, and although it is relatively stable, it can change over time
Ethics
The Seven Principles Of Biomedical Ethics
Autonomy Beneficence Confidentiality Justice Non-maleficence Role fidelity Veracity
respect for the patient as a person
Autonomy
performance of good acts
Beneficence
duty to protect the privacy of the patient
Confidentiality
moral rightness
Justice
avoidance of evil
Non-maleficence
faithfulness and loyalty
Role fidelity
obligation to tell the truth and not to lie
Veracity
the principles of biomedical ethics that are usually paired
Non-maleficence and Beneficence
branch of ethics dealing with dilemmas faced by medical professionals, patients, and their families and friends
Biomedical Ethics
guidelines for proper activities and attitudes toward patients and peers
Biomedical Ethics
suggests a standard of conduct that is expected of members of the profession
Biomedical Ethics
must be the foundation of professional practice to ensure the recognition of the imaging technologist as a competent health care professional
High ethical standards
one of the identifying steps in the sequence of the transformation of a semi profession into a profession
The Development of a Code of Ethics
help ensure a high standard of practice
Professional codes of ethics
encourages those within the profession to consider the implications of their actions and educates those outside the profession about the sort of care they may expect
Professional codes of ethics
serves a regulatory function by specifying a standard of conduct by which all members of a profession must abide
Good code of ethics
considers various aspects of the imaging professional’s role in health care
American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) Code of Ethics
the creation of an ethical framework requires _______
Critical Thinking
purposeful, self-regulatory judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference
Critical Thinking
an ethical problem-solving tool
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking allows the imaging professional to perform the following tasks:
- Adequately interpret and analyze ethical theories and models
- Evaluate the application of those theories and models to a given situation
- Plan an appropriate course of action
allows the professional to process personal experience and knowledge and incorporate them into daily decisions
Critical Thinking
Attributes of Critical Thinkers
Able to cut through pretense and fads Confident and energetic Courageous Decisive Flexible yet systematic Honest Imaginative Intellectually curious and skeptical Objective Open to new ideas and respectful of others’ views Persistent Responsible Willing to take risks and consider novel ideas
Ethics was born of _______ when humans first realized that they required certain behaviors to get along as a group
necessity
a quality or standard that is desirable or worthy of esteem in itself
Values
are expressed in behaviors, language, and the standards of conduct the imaging professional endorses or tries to maintain
Values
influence and guide the expression of values
Person’s Daily Experiences
developed Values clarification
Louis Rath
enables the individual to discover, analyze,
and prioritize what he or she has
Values clarification
he explained that an individual should make choices only after careful consideration of the alternatives
Louis Rath
enables the imaging professional to organize values into a personally meaningful system
Values clarification
defines the individual’s set of beliefs about truth and reality
Values clarification
guide and motivate the decisions and choices of imaging professionals, often without their realizing it
Values
behavior necessary to get along in a group
Primitive Man
Babylonians, Egyptians, Persians Beginning of physicians’ practices and medications
1700s BC
Pythagoras & Hippocrates Early moral philosophy and Hippocratic Oath
5th & 6th Centuries BC
Plato Theory of morality Influence morality has on human behavior
4th Century BC
Saint Thomas Aquinas Moral theory based on religion
13th Century
Physicians examining educational needs
14th & 15th Centuries
Fathers of traditional ethical theories: Sir Francis Bacon Rodericus Castro David Hume Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mills Jeremy Bentham
16th to 19th Century
Birth of bioethics
W.D. Ross: Professional Behaviors
John Rawls: Theory of Justice
L. Kohlberg: Stages of Moral Development
20th Century
Society’s needs & professional reactions
21st Century & into Future
Three basic groups of values
Personal values, Cultural values, and
Professional values
are the beliefs and attitudes held by an individual that provide a foundation for behavior and the way the individual experiences life
Personal Values
influences personal values
Religious convictions, family, political beliefs, education, life experiences, and culture
values specific to a people or culture
Cultural Values
are the general attributes prized by a professional group
Professional values
an awareness of the conduct, aims, and qualities defining a given profession
Professionalism
familiarity with professional codes of ethics and understanding of ethical schools of thought, patient-professional interaction models, and patients’ rights prepares imaging professionals to address future ethical dilemmas
Professionalism
Ethics may be divided into three broad schools of thought:
Consequentialism,
Deontology,
Virtue ethics
ways of establishing a value hierarchy in ethical decisions
ETHICAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT (Consequentialism, Deontology, Virtue ethics)
bases decisions on the consequences or outcomes of a given act
Consequentialism
other name for Consequentialism
Teleology
evaluates the good of an activity by assessing whether immediate harm is balanced with future benefit
Consequentialism
advocates providing the greatest good for the greatest number
Consequentialism
bases decision making on individual motives and morals rather than consequences.
Deontology
opposite of teleology
Deontology
examines the significance of actions themselves
Deontology
uses personal rules of right and wrong derived from individual actions, relationships of all kinds, and society.
Deontologic problem solving
focuses on the use of practical wisdom and moral character for emotional and intellectual problem solving.
Virtue Ethics
incorporates elements of teleology and deontology to provide a more holistic approach to solving ethical dilemmas
Virtue Ethics
plays significant roles in careful analysis and consideration of consequences, rules established by society, and short-term effects
Virtue Ethics problem solving
broadly describe different types of interactions with patients
Ethical Models
provide frameworks for understanding expectations and responsibilities
Ethical Models
identifies the health care provider as a scientist concerned with facts and defines the patient as a condition or procedure, not a person
Engineering Model
casts the caregiver in the omniscient, paternalistic role of making decisions for patients rather than with patients
Paternal or Priestly Model
provider thinks he or she knows what is best for patients
Paternal or Priestly Model
mutual cooperation between provider and patient
Collegial Model
describes a more cooperative method of providing health care for the patient
Collegial Model
it involves sharing, trust, and the pursuit of common goals
Collegial Model
defines health care as a business relationship between the provider and patient
Contractual Model
serves as the guideline for decision making and provision of services
Contractual arrangement
the patient and provider are seen as parties to a contract in which both sides have obligations, rights, and responsibilities
Contractual Model
based on an agreement between the
patient and health care provider, an agreement often grounded in traditional values and goals
Covenantal Model
recognizes that many areas of health care are not always covered by a terse, businesslike contract
Covenantal Model
include trust in the professional’s integrity and confidence that the professional has the patient’s best interests in mind
Covenantal Model
are among the most important issues involved in biomedical ethics, influencing almost every aspect of the professional’s ethical consideration
Patients’ rights
American Hospital Association has recognized the importance of patients’ rights and has published a brochure called,
The Patient Care Partnership
to help patients understand expectations, rights, and responsibilities
The Patient Care Partnership
was developed to aid in ethical problem solving for imaging professionals
Dowd Problem-Solving Model (Dowd Model)
Six steps of Dowd Model
- Assessment of the problem
- Isolation of the issues
- Analysis of the data
- Development of a plan of action
- Institution of the plan
- Analysis of the outcome
Thorough data gathering and awareness of all sides of the situation
Assessment of the problem
calls for recognition of what values, principles, and ethical dilemmas exist
Isolation of the issues
provide an objective framework for review of all the issues involved
Analysis of the data
After assessing the problem, isolating the issues, and analyzing the data, the imaging professional must
Develop a plan of action and Institute the plan
shows whether the problem was handled in a satisfactory fashion or whether another approach should be considered
Analysis of the outcome
Radiologic technologists and X-ray technologists should be aware of the supreme authority of the state and should adhere to the ______
Constitution, R.A. No. 7431
The Five Ethical Models
Engineering, Paternal/priestly, Collegial, Contractual, Covenantal
