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RT 205 > 3. Ethical Issues in Health Care > Flashcards

3. Ethical Issues in Health Care Flashcards

1
Q

is a claim or entitlement.

A

Right

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2
Q

is a practice, a commodity, an approach, or a collective responsibility to ensure the wellness of a population.

A

Health care

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3
Q

3 DISTRIBUTION ALLOCATION GROUPS

A
  • Macro-allocation
  • Meso-allocation
  • Micro-allocation
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4
Q

questions ask how big the health care budget will be, who will pay for it, what end it serves, whether there is a right to this care, and what standards will be used to determine these factors.

A

Macro-allocation

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5
Q

questions ask how the health care budget will be divided, what health care needs will be addressed, how they will be prioritized, who will deliver these services, and what limits will best serve the efficient meso-allocation of health care.

A

Meso-allocation

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6
Q

questions ask who should get what share of the health care budget, whether the present distribution is equitable, how rationing of services is determined, and what factors should be used in the triage of patient needs.

A

Micro-allocation

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7
Q

In the 1940s, the patient’s needs came first regardless of the ____

A

cost

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8
Q

By the ____, cost was becoming a greater concern and diagnostic related groups (DRGs) were developed to control resource allocation.

A

1960s

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9
Q

DRGs

A

Diagnostic Related Groups

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10
Q

In the ____, the prospective payment system (PPS) further expedited a fairer and more equitable system of health care distribution.

A

1980s

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11
Q

PPS

A

Prospective Payment System

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12
Q

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY MODEL

A

Managed Care

Patient-Focused Care

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13
Q

may be described as a condition or frame of mind

A

Health

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14
Q

an ongoing decision-making process in health care

A

Triage

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15
Q

Prioritizing also know as

A

Triage

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16
Q

is a system of
prioritizing that encourages the delivery of treatment
to those with the greatest opportunity for a positive
outcome

A

Triage

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17
Q

is a health
care distribution theory that demands equal distribution
of equal opportunities and resources

A

Egalitarian Theory

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18
Q

demands equal distribution of equal resources

A

Egalitarian Theory

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19
Q

This system

believes every person is good and is equal

A

Egalitarian Theory

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20
Q

it does not address the fact that persons may not have equal needs

A

Egalitarian Theory

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21
Q

Whether egalitarian theory can be put into practice is ____

A

Uncertain

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22
Q

is a health care distribution theory that demands equal distribution of equal opportunities and resources

A

Egalitarian Theory

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23
Q

sees the distribution of health care resources as a system of contracts

A

Entitlement Theory

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24
Q

is a system of contracts in which a patient has to pay for the contract.

A

Entitlement Theory

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25
Q

For this theory to work, a person must have a way to pay for the contract

A

Entitlement Theory

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26
Q

In addition, the theory seems to be grounded in the financial value of medical treatment
rather than its intrinsic value

A

Entitlement Theory

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27
Q

is a health care distribution theory that adjusts the equality of individuals with the inequality of their needs and resources

A

Fairness Theory

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28
Q

tries to tailor health care distribution to balance the dignity and
equality of all persons with the inequality of their needs and circumstances

A

Fairness Theory

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29
Q

The most important consideration in this theory is the ways in which advantaged and disadvantaged people receive care and who makes these decisions.

A

Fairness Theory

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30
Q

Within the ______ theory, the equality of patients as individuals is weighed against
differences in their needs and circumstances

A

fairness

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31
Q

difficulties arise in the determination of the

degree of fairness theory to which a patient is _____

A

disadvantaged

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32
Q

is a health care distribution theory

that calls for realizing the greatest good for the greatest number

A

Utilitarian Theory

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33
Q

recommends the provision of the greatest good (in this case, health care services) for the greatest number.

A

Utilitarianism

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34
Q

Under this theory, imaging departments look at patients as a group and not as individuals and seek to provide the most care for the most people.

A

Utilitarian Theory

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35
Q

A ______ would say that if a vascular laboratory can accommodate five uncomplicated procedures in one day, it should perform them instead of two long procedures.

A

utilitarianist

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36
Q

Individuals may have difficulty maintaining autonomy as the

_______ is implemented.

A

utilitarian theory

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37
Q

Advantage of Egalitarian

A

All persons have equal access to all imaging services

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38
Q

Disadvantage of Egalitarian

A

Patients’ needs are different; scheduling and reimbursement would be
different

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39
Q

Advantage of Entitlement

A

All persons have needs

40
Q

Disadvantage of Entitlement

A

Patients must be involved in a
contract to pay for services; theory more concerned with cost value of treatment instead of the intrinsic
value of the service to the patient

41
Q

Advantage of Fairness

A

Balances dignity and equality
of all persons with the
inequality of their needs
and circumstances

42
Q

Disadvantage of Fairness

A

Identifying the differences (inequality
of needs) can lead to subordinating
the dignity of the individual to the
convenience of the society

43
Q

Advantage of Utilitarian

A

Recommends providing

the greatest good for the greatest number of people

44
Q

Disadvantage of Utilitarian

A

Identifies patients as a group rather than as individuals

45
Q

is a health care distribution theory
that claims individuals
have a right to health care because of their human dignity and because society has an obligation to serve their needs

A

Rights theory

46
Q

claims that individuals have a right to good health care because of their human dignity

A

Rights Theory of Justice

47
Q

In recognition of this dignity, society has an obligation to care for all people

A

Rights Theory of Justice

48
Q

This theory raises questions of rights and autonomy and the ways
in which they are implemented

A

Rights Theory of Justice

49
Q

is a product of right reason or virtue ethics that includes a consideration of emotional factors and development of the reason balanced by consideration of the consequences for the individual in society

A

Practical wisdom

50
Q

is accomplished through application of practical wisdom (right reason) to meet the demands of human dignity in the social circumstances of the time

A

Justice or distribution

51
Q

involves respecting human dignity and satisfying human needs and recognizing human contributions within the system and in ways that are characteristic of the system

A

Justice

52
Q

According to _________, there are six criteria —need, equality, contribution, ability to pay, effort, and merit —that will aid the health care professional in ethical problem solving when a fair distribution of scarce resources is required

A

Armstrong and Whitlock

53
Q

seems to be an obvious and useful criterion; however, this is complicated by whose perception of need is used to make the distribution decision.

A

Need

54
Q

is not always the best criterion to use

in allocation dilemmas

A

Need

55
Q

rarely serves well as an effective criterion for allocating health care resources.

A

Equity

56
Q

Each imaging patient may require a different type and number of imaging examinations depending on his or her health

A

Equity

57
Q

requires a determination of what an individual might be expected to give to society at a future date

A

Contribution

58
Q

Decisions based on ______ are of limited benefit in making allocation decisions based on the individual situation

A

Ability to Pay

59
Q

may be considered a compelling criterion for consideration when decisions involve elective treatment and the imaging patient was able to choose his or her health plan

A

Ability to Pay

60
Q

may be a useful criterion for patients who fail to heed medical advice or do not make an effort to help themselves

A

Patient effort

61
Q

may be a controversial criterion because of the complexity of withholding and limiting resources

A

Patient effort

62
Q

The best criterion on which an imaging professional could base an ethical allocation determination

A

Merit

63
Q

is the potential to benefit from the additional investment of limited health care resources

A

Merit

64
Q

requires that decisions be based on data or evidence

A

Merit

65
Q

are useful in dealing with ethical dilemmas in allocating

imaging resources

A

Preceding criteria

66
Q

They raise important questions when choices are necessary, and they
provide the imaging professional with an awareness of what imaging administrators face
when solving distribution dilemmas

A

Preceding criteria

67
Q

allows patients to choose their own physicians and facilities for health care services; however, a patient must be able to pay for those services

A

Traditional care

68
Q

provides high-quality health care for those with traditional insurance coverage and those who can
pay for these services, but uninsured persons and those unable to pay find it difficult to
obtain high-quality services

A

Traditional care

69
Q

is any type of delivery and reimbursement system that monitors or controls types, quality, use, and costs of
health care

A

Managed care

70
Q

is an all-encompassing term that includes

any type of system to coordinate the care and treatment of patients

A

Managed care

71
Q

is designed to provide better access, improved outcomes, more efficient use of resources, and controlled costs for the patient

A

Managed care

72
Q

The aim is to reduce unnecessary or inappropriate care

and reduce costs

A

Managed care

73
Q

is having an impact on the ethical dilemmas faced by imaging professionals. It complicates the imaging professional’s problem solving by adding questions concerning the needs of patients (both inside and outside the system), the medical
community, and managed care corporations

A

Managed care

74
Q

will remain an

integral part of the health care distribution system for some time to come

A

Managed care

75
Q

is a health care distribution model that calls for decentralization of patient care services and cross training of health care
professionals

A

Patient-focused care

76
Q

plays a significant role in the imaging professional’s changing environment.

A

Patient-focused care

77
Q

were traditionally

designed to meet the fiscal needs of the organization

A

Health care organizations and imaging services

78
Q

The primary objectives of patient-focused care are

A

to move hospital care services

closer to the patient’s bedside and decentralize hospital services, including radiology services

79
Q

seeks to implement teams of multiskilled cross-trained

health care professionals (including imaging professionals) to provide patient care

A

Patient-focused care

80
Q

may require
imaging professionals to perform functions that were previously performed by other health
care professionals such as nurses and medical technologists

A

Cross-training

81
Q

imaging professionals must remain continually aware of the problems and opportunities of health care service distribution

A

Funding round

82
Q

Imaging professionals may be employed by institutions that conduct research on human beings

A

Biomedical Research

83
Q

Imaging professionals have an obligation to the profession to maintain current knowledge and be critically aware of future technology and trends

A

Imaging Professionals’ Obligation to Research

84
Q

Imaging procedures in all modalities require interpretation

A

Ethics of Interpretation of Imaging Procedures and Testing

85
Q

Imaging professionals may find themselves involved with patients and families awaiting organ transplants; they may also have contact with donors and their families

A

Ethical Dilemmas of Transplants

86
Q

CONSIDERATIONS IN TRANSPLANT ETHICS

A
  • Obtaining of appropriate informed consent
  • Respectful empathy for the precarious emotional state of patients and families
  • Provision of high-quality care to donor and recipient
87
Q

Ultrasonographers tend to be more involved with the ethical dilemmas presented by new reproductive methods than are other imaging specialists

A

New Reproductive Methods

88
Q

is an advanced level radiologic technologist who works under the supervision of a radiologist to enhance patient care by assisting the radiologist in a diagnostic imaging environment

A

Radiologist Assistant

89
Q

is a fusion of the two functions that historically were regarded as separate, the financing of
medical care and the delivery of medical services

A

Managed care

90
Q

HMO

A

Health Maintenance Organization

91
Q

ERISA

A

Employee Retirement and Security Act

92
Q

may result from improved efficiency, empowerment of employees,
and sensible delegation of duties

A

Cost effectiveness

93
Q

may be improved by flattening schedules

through elimination of peaks and filling in of low-use time

A

Efficiency

94
Q

Wise application of automation also may improve _____

A

efficiency

95
Q

THEORIES OF DISTRIBUTION

A

Egalitarian theory,
Entitlement theory,
Fairness theory,
Utilitarian theory

96
Q

DISTRIBUTION DECISION-MAKING CRITERIA

A 
Need,
Equity,
Contribution,
Ability to pay,
Patient effort,
Merit

RT 205 (10 decks)

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