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Nutrition > 7. Micronutrients > Flashcards

7. Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Define micronutrient.

A

A chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.

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2
Q

Define vitamin.

A

Carbon-containing substances needed in small amounts by the body.

Essential: amount required depends on age, sex, and presence of illness.

To be a vitamin:

  • body unable to make enough to maintain health
  • absence leads to deficiency symptoms that can be reversed if vitamin is reintroduced in time
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3
Q

Define mineral.

A

Individual chemical elements; cannot be broken down further.

Essential if:

  • dietary inadequacy results in a physiological or structural abnormality
  • addition to diet reinstates health
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4
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K.

Absorbed with dietary fat; anything interfering with fat absorption will impair fat soluble absorption.

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5
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B and C vitamins.

Vitamin Thiamin (B-1), Riboflavin (B-12), Niacin (B-3), Pantothenic acid (B-4), B-6, Biotin (B-7), Folate (folic acid) (B-9), B-12, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Absorbed primarily in small intestine; relatively high bioavailability; transported to liver via portal vein and distributed to body tissues.

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6
Q

Which minerals are major?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur.

Need greater than 100 mg/day.

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7
Q

Which minerals are trace?

A

Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Copper, Fluoride, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum.

Need less than 100 mg/day.

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8
Q

Which minerals are ultra trace?

A

Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium.

Trace amounts in diet, no known requirements.

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9
Q

What are the functional roles of micronutrients?

A
  • fluid and electrolyte balance
  • bone health
  • energy metabolism
  • body defenses
  • brain health
  • blood health
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10
Q

Describe Scurvy. What Vitamin helps to prevent this disease?

A

fatigue, bleeding gums, bruising, scaly skin

Vitamin C helps prevent disease

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11
Q

Define Rickets. What Vitamin helps to prevent this disease?

A

Bone pain, fractures, deformities in children

Vitamin D is an effective treatment

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12
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Vitamin A?

A
  • birth defects
  • bone pain and fractures
  • liver toxicity
  • nervous system disorders
  • nausea and vomitting
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13
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of E?

A
  • hemorrhage
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14
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of K?

A

Disruption of anti-clotting medications

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15
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Thiamin (B-1)?

A

Unknown

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16
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Vitamin D?

A 
Hypercalcemia
Decreased renal function and hypercalciuria
Kidney failure
Cardiovascular system failure
Calcification of soft tissues
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17
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Vitamin B7 (biotin)

A

Unknown

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18
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Riboflavin (B-2)?

A

Unknown

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19
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Niacin (B-3)?

A
  • flushing and itchy skin

- GI distress (liver issues

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20
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Pantothenic acid (B-5)?

A
  • diarrhea

- GI stress

21
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

A

Masks vitamin B-12 deficiency

22
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of vitamin B-6?

A

Neurological problems

23
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Vitamin B12

A

Unknown

24
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Vitamin C

A

GI disturbances
Kidney stones
Excess iron absorption

25
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Choline

A

Fishy body odor
Sweating
Hypotension
Hepatotoxicity

26
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Sodium

A

Hypertension

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke

27
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Zinc?

A
  • GI disturbances

- Loss of appetite

28
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of selenium?

A

Hair loss and brittle nails

29
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of potassium

A

None documented from food alone.

Supplements or salt substitutes can
result in hyperkalemia

30
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of iodine?

A
  • goiter

- thyroid issues

31
Q

What are toxicity symptoms of Chloride

A

Hypertension

32
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of copper?

A
  • GI distress

- liver damage

33
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of fluoride?

A

Enamel and skeletal fluorosis

34
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Calacium

A 
Kidney stones
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalciuria
Prostate cancer
Constipation
Soft tissue calcification
35
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of chromium?

A

Renal and hepatic dysfunction

36
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of maganese?

A

Elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity

37
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Phosphorus

A

Metastatic calcification
Skeletal porosity
Interference with calcium
absorption

38
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Magnesium

A

Osmotic diarrhea

39
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Sulfur

A

Osmotic diarrhea

40
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Iron

A

GI and cardiorespiratory distress
Liver and Kidney failure
Death

41
Q

What vitamin can only be found in plant sources?

A

Vitamin C

42
Q

Role of Vitamin E

A

Fat-soluble –> adipose tissue and cell membrane
Donates electrons and hydrogens to free radicals
Formation of muscles and CNS
Maintains NS and immune function

43
Q

Which vitamin can be given at birth

A

Vitamin K - injections

44
Q

What vitamin and mineral have potential benefits if taken together?

A

Vitamin C and Iron

45
Q

List B vitamins

A 
B1  = thiamin
B2 = riboflavin 
B3 = niacin 
B5 = pantothenic acid
B6 = pyridoxine 
B7 = biotin 
B9 = folic acid 
B12 = cobalamin
46
Q

Difference between complex carbohydrates and simple sugars

A 
complex = 3+ sugar molecules 
simple = 1-2 sugar molecules
47
Q

What mineral, if exposed to at a young age, can cause discoloration of teeth

A

fluoride

48
Q

Only vitamin found animal food sources

A

Vitamin B12

Nutrition (13 decks)

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