7: Lower Leg and Foot Flashcards
How do you call the ridge on the posterior side of the femur?
Linea Aspera
–> Attachment for many muscles (adductors of the hip)
Medial and lateral condyle of femur –> Articulation with tibia
Which side of the femur is this?
Posterior side
Interchondylar fossa
What is the name of the patella surface on the femur?
Femoral Trochlea
What is the medial/Lateral plateau of the tibita?
The flat surfaces of the chondyles
Where is it located in the anatomical position?
It is located posteriorly
–>When looking on the fibula: Left on the left fibular and right on the right fibula
How do you identify if it is a left or right patella?
If you lie it down–> The bone lies down on its lateral surface
Identify the apex, base, posterior and anterior surface of the patella
Anterior surface–> rough
Posterior surface –> smooth
Identify the body, neck and head of the talus
Calcaneous
Calcaneal tuberosity
Sustentaculum Tali of the Calcaneous
–> supports the talus in formation of the ankle joint
Identify the base, body and head of the Metatarsals
Base= at the proximal end
Head= at distal end
What are the muscels in the anterior compartment of the leg?
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor Digitorium Longus
- Extensor Hallucis Longus
What is the function of the anterior compartment of the leg?
They are involved in Ankle Dorsiflexors (extensors)
Summarise the blood and nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the leg
Neral supply:
- Deep Peroneal Nerve
Vascular supply
- Anterior Tibial Artery
What is a different name for peroneal?
Fibularis
What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
What is their function?
- Fibularis /Peroneal longus
- Fubularis /Peroneal brevis
–> involved in plantar flexion and eversion of foot
What is dorsiflexion and what is plantarflexion in relation to the foot?
Dosiflexion= Extension
Plantarflexion= flexion –> going on tiptoes
What is eversion and inversion of the foot?
Explain the course of the tendons of the anteior and lateral compartments of the leg to the foot in relation to the lateral malleuolus
-
Anterior Compartment
- tendons run anteriorly to laterla malleolus
-
Lateral comparment
- tendons run posterior to lateral malleolus
Summarise the vascular and neural supply of the lateral compartment of the leg
Supplied by the
- Superficial Peroneal Nerve
- Peroneal Artery
What are the muscles of the superficial posterior comparment of the leg?
- Gastrocnemius (two heads)
- Soleus
- Plantaris
What are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
- Popliteus
+ Opposite of anterior compartment:
- Flexor Digitorum Longus
- Flexor Hallucis Longus
- Tibialis Posterior
Which muscles form the calcaneal tendon?
What is a different name for it ?
Achilles tendon
–> Formed by the gastrocnaemius and soleus (minor contribution from plantaris)
What is the vascular and neural supply of the posterior compartment of the leg?
- Tibial nerve
- Posterior Tibial Artery
What is the function of the posterior compartment of the leg?
•Ankle Plantarflexors
What are the muscles of teh dorsum of the foot?
- Extensor digitorium brevis
- Extensor hallusis brevis
- (dorsal interossei muscles)
Explain the muscles in the plantar side of the foot
- Layer
- Abductor hallucis longus
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Layer
- Quadratus plantae
- The tendons of flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus (the long toe flexors)
- The lumbricals
- Third layer;
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Adductor hallucis
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis
- Fourth layer;
- The plantar interossei
- The dorsal interossei
What are the boundries of the polpiteal fossa?
Superior Borders
- Lateral
- Biceps Femoris
- Medial
- Semimembranosus
Inerior Borders
- Lateral head of gastrocnemius
- Medial head of gastrocnemius
- Skin and fascia (anterior)
- Femur (posteriorl)
What are the contents of the polpiteal fossa?
- Popliteal artery and vein
- Tibial Nerve and Common Peroneal Nerve
- Short saphenous vein
- Popliteal lymph nodes
What are the ligaments stabelising the knee joint?
- Collateral ligaments
- medial collateral ligament
- lateral collateral ligament
- Cruciate ligament
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
Explain the difference between the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
They are named in relation to attachment to the tibia –> ACL= anteiror on tibia, posterior on femur (PCL the other way around)
What kind of structure are the menisci in the knee?
What is their funciton?
Are fibro-cartilagenous strucutres in the knee
The menisci act to disperse the weight of the body and reduce friction during movement
Why does the median meniscus gets more commonly injured thant the lateral meniscus?
There is an attachment between the medial meniscus and the medial ligament
Which muscles/structures extend the knee?
Which structures are involeve?
-
Quadriceps
- Quadriceps tendon
- Patella
- Patellar tendon
- Tibial tunerosity
What kind of joints are the Proximal and distal tibio-fibular joints?
Why?
- Proximal= synovial joint
- Distal= fibrous joint
- allows less movement and more stability for ankle joint
What is a sprained ankle?
Which movement causes it?
It is damage to the ligaments of the ankles:
The lateral ligaments (3 parts) are commonly damaged by over-inversion.
- posterior fibular
- anterior fibular
- calcaneofibular ligmaent
The broader and tougher tibiocalcaneal(deltoid) ligament is less often damaged.
Explain the structure of the ankle joint
Talus articulates with the tibia –> weight bearing part The Fibular contributes with the lateral malleolus, to forms the square socket of the ankle joint.
Where is the subtalar joint?
Joint between the talus and the calcaneous
Where is the •Midtarsal Joint?
Also called the transverse tarsal joint
talo-calcaneonavicular (red line)
What are the arches of the foot?
There are 3 ARches
- Longitudinal arches
- Medial longitudinal arches (higher than lateral)
- Lateral longitudinal arch
- Transverse arch
Which structures contribute to the formation of the arches in the foot?
Ligaments and long tendons, and intrinsic muscles
Explain the Gait cycle
In which phases couly you sub-devide the different phases?
Two phases for each limb:
- Stance phase
- starts with heel strike (A)
- ends with heels off (D)
- Swing phase
- starts with preswing (E)
- and ends with terminal swing (G).
Which Neural supply normally supplies the Hip Flexors?
L2,3
Which spinal nerve level normally supplies muscles for hip Extension
L4,5
Summarise the motor segmental supply to the lower limb
What is knee locking?
Full extension of the knee joint
What happens during locking of the knee?
- the leg and tibia get laterally rotated (done by biceps femoris)
- the humerus is medially rotated
- joint cannot be flexed unless it is unlocked
- (joint is stable and ligaments are stretched)
What happens during unlocking of the knee joint?
the popliteus muscle unlocks the knee
