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Year 2 LCRS Anatomy Limbs > 2: Shoulder > Flashcards

2: Shoulder Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shoulder?

Which bones does it include?

A

The area of upper limbn attachment to the trunk made up of

  1. Scapula
  2. Clavicle
  3. Humerus
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2
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10
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11
Q

What is the lateral angle of the scapula?

A

The glenoid cavaty (site of attachement of the humerus bone to form the gelenohumeral joint)

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12
Q

What are the superior and inferior angle of the scapula?

A

The highest and lowest points of the scapula (excluding the acromion)

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13
Q

Red part: What is its role?

A

It is the infraglenoid tubercle, attachment of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle

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14
Q

What is this part of the Scapula?

What is its role?

A

It is the supraglenoid tubercle is the site of attachment for the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

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15
Q

What is the attachment of the scapula and clavicle?

A

It is the acromiom (both of the scapula and clavicle)

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16
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19
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20
Q

What is their function?

A

Attachment of the rotator cuff muscles of the geenohumeral joint

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21
Q

Show the anatomical and surgical neck of the humerus

A
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22
Q

What is the relevance of the surgical neck of the humerus? What can be damaged?

A

It is the site where fractures of the humerus most often occur

The axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery can be damaged

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23
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24
Q

How are the tow attachements (used to be origin and insertion) of muscle in the limbs called?

A

Proximal and distal attachment

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25
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

It is the region formed by the Sterno-calvicular-joint, Acromio-clavicular joint, Glenohumeral joint and the scapula-thoracic joint + its bones mainly:

  1. Clavicle
  2. Scapula
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26
Q

What are the functions fo the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder?

A
  1. To stabelise the glenohumeral joint
  2. To deptress the humeral head in movement
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27
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A
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28
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29
Q
A

Infraspinatus

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32
Q

Which structures stabalise the instable glenohumeral joint?

A
  1. 4 Rotator Cuff muscles
  2. Long head of the biceps brachii
  3. ligaments
33
Q

What kind of joint is the gleno-humeral joint?

A

It is a ball and socket synovial joint

(Socket= glenoid fossa), ball= head of humerus

34
Q

What is the glenoid labrum? What is its relation to the head of the biceps brachii

A

It is a fibrocartilaginous collar around the glenoid fossa, to expand the socket of the glenohumeral joint

Supeirorly, the labrum is continous with the long head of the biceps brachii

35
Q

What is special about the synovial membrane of the gleno-humeral joint?

A

It portrudes through apertures in the fibrous membrane of the joint capsule to form bursae

Bursae lie between the fibrous membrane and tendons of surrounding muscle –> reduce friction

e.g: subtendinous bursa of scapularis

36
Q

The fibrous membrane of the gleno-humeral membrane is thickened in three places. What are they and what do they form?

A

It forms the superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments

37
Q

Which anatomical structure restricts upward movement of the humeral head on the glenoid cavity?

A
  1. The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
  2. Coraco-achromial arch + ligament
38
Q

Explain the lateral, medial, superior, inferior, anterior and posterior borders of the Axilla

A
  1. Apex: between the first rib, the clavicle and the superior border of the subscapularis muscle
  2. Anterior: Pec Major+ Minor
  3. Lateral: intertubercular Groove of humerus
  4. Posterior: Scapula+ subscapularis (superior) + latissimus dorsi + teres major
  5. Medial: 1-4th rib
  6. Base: skin+ fascia from arm to chest
39
Q

What are the contents of the axilla?

A
  1. Muscles
    1. short head of the biceps brachii
    2. Coracobrachialis muscle
  2. Arteries​
    • Axillary artery (Parts 1-3 with its branches)
  3. Axillary vein
    • Begins at lower margin of the trees major (continuation of the basilic vein), joined by the cephalic vein
    • Passes medial and anterior to axillary artery
  4. Nerves
    • Cords of the Brachial plexus+ branches
  5. Lymph nodes
40
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the Pectoralis major?

A
  1. Proximal:
    • medial 1/3 of clavicle
    • sternum
    • costal cartilages
  2. Distal
    • lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
41
Q

How is Pec major innervated?

A

Via the Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)

42
Q

What is the function of Pec Major?

A

Adduction+ medial rotation of the Humerus

Anteversion+ lowering of shoulder girdle

43
Q

What is the function of Pec minor?

A

Protracts scapula, pulls tip of shoulder down

44
Q

Explain the distal and proximal attachemtns of the subclavius muscle

A
  1. Proximal
    • 1st rib
  2. Distal
    • groove on inferior surface 1/3 of the clavicle
45
Q

Explain the proximal and distal attachments of the Serratus anterior

A
  1. Proximal
    • Rib I-IX
  2. Distal
    • Medial border of the scapula
46
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior muscle?

A
  • Holds Scapula onto thorax (stabilisation in arm movement)
  • Lateral rotation of Scapula
47
Q
A

Serratur anterior

48
Q
A

Subclavius Muscle

49
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior shoulder girdle?

A
  1. Pectoralis Minor
  2. Pectoralis Major (can also be classified as shoulder)
  3. Subclavius muscle
  4. Serratus anterior
50
Q

What are the Muscles of the posterior pectoral girdle?

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus dorsi (can be classified as shoulder)
  3. Levator scapulae
  4. Rhomboids (Minor+Major)
51
Q
A

Trapezius Muscle

52
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachements of the Trapezius?

A

Proximal attachment:

  • Occipital bone
  • Spinous process es of cervical + thoracic vertebra (up to T12)

Distal:

  • Acromion of Scapula, Clavicle, Spine of Scapula
53
Q

What is the function of the Trapezius muscle?

How is it innervated?

A
  1. Rotates, elevates, retracts the scapula
  2. Rotates, bends laterally and rotates contralaterally the head

Innervated by CN XI

54
Q

Explain the proximal and distal attachments of the levator scapulae.

What is its function?

A
  1. Proximal attachment:
    • Posterior tubercle of transverse processes C1-4 vertebra
  2. Distal attachment:
    • Superior Angle of Scapula
  3. Function: Elevation of Scapula
  4. Innervated by C4,5, dorsal scapular nerve
55
Q

What is the Proximal and Distal attachments of the rhomboids?

A
  1. Proximal:
    • Minor: Spinous process C6+7
    • Major: spinous process T1-4
  2. Distal
    • Minor: Medial margin of the scapular spine
    • Major: Medial border of the scapula
56
Q

What is the function of the rhomboids?

How are they innervated?

A

Innervagted by the dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5)

Function:

  1. Elevates the scapula medially+ cranially
  2. Stabilizes scapula on thorax
57
Q
58
Q

Explain the proximal and distal attachments of the latissimus dorsi muscle

A
  1. Proximal
    • Spinous process of T7-12, L1-5
    • sacrum
    • ilium
    • 9-12 rib,
  2. Distal:
    • Floor of intertubercular groove on Humerus
59
Q
A

Latissimus dorsi

60
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Adducts, Rotation of the Humerus, retroversion of shoulder

61
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the biceps brachii?

A
  1. Proximal Attachments
    • LONG HEAD: SUPRAGLENOID TUBERCLE OF SCAPULA
    • SHORT HEAD:CORACOID PROCESS OF SCAPULA
  2. Distal Attachment
    1. Radial tuberosity
62
Q

Which nerve innervates the Muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

Where does it originate?

A

The Musculosceletal nerve (C5-7)

63
Q

Which nerves innervates the Biceps Brachii and the Brachialis muscle?

A

Musculocutaneous Nerve C5-7

64
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the brachialis muscle?

A
  • Proximal Attachment
    • Body of Humerus
  • Distal Attachment
    • Tuberosity of ulnar
65
Q
A

Brachialis

66
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the Coracobrachialis?

A
  1. Proximal
    1. Coracoid process of scapula
  2. Distal
    1. anteromedial surface of the humeral shaft
67
Q
A

Coracobrachialis

68
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the triceps?

A
  • Proximal
    1. Medial Head
      • Back surface of the humerus, just below the radial groove
    2. Lateral Head
      • Back surface of humerus, just above the radial groove
    3. Long Head
      • Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
  • Distal
    • Olecranon of ulna
69
Q

Which nerve innervates the triceps?

Where does it origiintate?

A

Innervated by the Radial nerve (C6,7,8)

70
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachents of the Anconeus muscle?

A
  1. Proximal
    1. Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  2. Distal
    1. Olecranon on ulnar
71
Q
A

Anconeus muscle

72
Q

Which Muscles are part of the posterior compartment of the arm?

What is their function and how are they innervated?

A
  1. Triceps
  2. Anconeus muscle

Innervated by the Radial Nerve (C6,7,8) –> Extension of the elbow

73
Q

What is the radial groove of the humerus?

A

Groove where radial nerve runs in arm

74
Q

What are the locations where the brachial artery can be felt?

A
  1. In the cubital fossa (medial to biceps tendon)
  2. In the medial biciptial groove (between triceps and biceps)

Year 2 LCRS Anatomy Limbs (15 decks)

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