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Year 2 LCRS Anatomy Limbs > 3: Forearm and wrist > Flashcards

3: Forearm and wrist Flashcards

1
Q
A

Medial supracondylar ridge of humerus

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2
Q
A

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

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3
Q

What does it articulate with?

A

Capitulum of humerus (lateral)

Articulates with the radius

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4
Q
A

Trochlea of humerus (medial)

Articulates with the ulna

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5
Q
A

Coronoid fossa of humerus

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6
Q
A

Olecranon fossa of humerus

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7
Q
A

Radial Fossa of humerus

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8
Q

What is the main function of the ulna?

A

To stabelise the forearm

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9
Q
A

Olecranon of Ulnar

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10
Q
A

Coronoid process of ulna

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11
Q
A

Styloid process of ulna

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12
Q

What is the head of the ulna?

A

articular surface that joints with the triangular articular disc and the ulnar notch of the radius

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13
Q

Identify the Trochlea and radial notch of the ulna

A
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14
Q

What are the articulate surfaces of the bones in the ellbow joint covered with?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

What are the medial and lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

A
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16
Q

How are the ligaments in the elbow joint arranged?

A

They should stabelise the joint, but also allow movement of the joint

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17
Q

Explain the articulations of the bones in the elbow joint in anatomical position and in flexion

A

The Trochlea of the Humerus articulates witht the Ulna in the anatomical position

The Radius additionally articulates with the capitulum in full flexion

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18
Q

What is the carrying angle?

How big is it normally and what is the sex difference?

A

It is the deviation of the long axis of the radius and ulnar in the anatomical position

On average, it is 7°, but larger in women

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19
Q

(Elbow)

A

Medial/Ulnar collateral ligaments

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20
Q
A

Radial collateral ligament

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21
Q
A

Anular ligement of radius

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22
Q

What is it?

Which clinical problems can occur with the structure?

A

It is the olecralon bursa, that can get inflammed

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23
Q

Name all the proximal and distal carpal bones

A

Proximal Row:

From lateral to medial when vieved anteriorly:

Proximal row

  1. Some - Scaphoid
  2. Lovers - Lunate
  3. Try - Triquetrum
  4. Positions - Psisiform

Distal row

  1. That - Trapezium
  2. They - Trapezoid
  3. Can’t - Capitate
  4. Handle - Hamate
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24
Q

What is a “pulled elbow” in children?

A

The subluxion of the radial head out of the proximal radio-ulnar joint

This can be painful but can easily be repositioned (in supination)

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25
Q

Explain the anatomy of the proximal radial-ulnar joint

A

Pivot-type synovial joint, that allows the head of the radius to rotate within the annular ligament at the radial notch of the ulnar

26
Q

What happens during pronation/supination at the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

A

The radial head turn in the radial notch of the ulnar

27
Q

What happens during pronation/supination at the distal radio-ulnar joint?

A

During pronation, the radius rotates over/around the distal ulnar

28
Q

What are the bony compartment of the wrist joint?

A

It is a joint between the

  1. radius
  2. articular disc of the distal end of the ulna
  3. And the three carpal bones:
    • Scaphoid
    • Lunate
    • Triquetrum
29
Q

How is the fibrous connection between the ulnar and the radius called?

What is its function?

A
  1. It is the interosseous membrane of the foream

It

  • gives rise fo muscle attachmetns
  • transfers forces between the bones (radius, ulna, humerus)
30
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

The most superficial layer

  1. Pronator Teres
  2. Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)
  3. Palmaris Longus (PL)
  4. Flexor carpi Ulnaris (FCU)

–> PFPF

+ 5. Flexor Digitorium Superficialis (one layer deeper)

31
Q

Which nerves supplies most of the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm?

Which muscle is the exception?

A

Most muscles are supplied by the Median Nerve

  • Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris longus, Flexor digitorium superficialis

Exept from Flexor Carpi Ulnaris –> supplied by Ulnar Nerve

32
Q

Which muscles are part of the deep anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)
  • Flexor pollicis longus (FPL)
  • Pronator quadratus (PQ)
33
Q

When coming to the forearm and wrist, where are most Flexors and where are most Extensors located?

A
  1. Flexors are usually located in the Anterior compartment of the Forearm
  2. Extensors are usually located in the posterior compartment of the forearm
34
Q

Which nerves supplied the deep anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Mainly Median Nerve

  1. Flexor digitorium Profundus for 2nd and 3rd digit
  2. Flexor pollicis longus
  3. Pronator quadratum

Exept

  • Flexor digitorium Profundus of 4th and 5th digit –> ulnar nerve
35
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachment of the brachioradialis?

A
  1. Proximal:
    1. Lateral supracondylar ridge of Humerus
  2. Distal
    1. Styloid process of radius
36
Q
A

Brachioradialis

37
Q

Which nerves innervates the Brachioradialis muscle?

A

Radial Nerve (C5-7)

38
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the supinator muscle?

A

Proximal:

  1. Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  2. Anular ligament of radius
  3. Radial Collateral ligament
  4. Supinator crest of ulnar

Distal

  1. Anterior, lateral and posterior Surface of Radius
39
Q

Which nerves innervates the supinator?

A

Radial Nerve (C5-7)

40
Q

What are the proximal and distal atachments of the pronator teres muscle?

A

Proximal (common flexor tendon)

  1. Medial supracondylar ridge of humerus (common flexor origin)
  2. Coronoid process of ulna

Distal

  • Lateral surface of radius
41
Q

Which nerve innervates the pronator Teres?

A

Median Nerve (C5-8+T1)

42
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the pronator quadratus?

A
  1. Proximal
    1. Anterior surface of ulnar
  2. Distal
    1. Anterior surface of radius
43
Q

Which nerves innervates the pronator quadratus?

A

Median Nerve (C5-8+T1)

44
Q

What is the Flexor retinaculum of the hand?

What is its function?

A

The transverse carpal ligament

–> tansverse ligament that includes all the flexors of the hand (including the median nerve) and forms the roof of the carpal tunnel

45
Q

What is the anatomical snuff box?

What does it contrain and what is its clinical significance?

A

The area between the tendon of the extensor pllicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis

It contains the

  • Radial artery
  • scaphoid bone
46
Q

Explain the arterial supply from the Clavicle to the elbow

A
  1. Subclavian artery
    1. •passes over the first rib to become…
  2. Axillary artery
    1. at the lower border of teres major becomes the…
  3. Brachial artery
  4. Gives off a large branch in the arm – Profunda brachii (Picture: green: brachial artery, lext next to it profunda brachii)
47
Q

What happens to the brachial artery at the elbow?

Explain the further supply

A

Brachial artery devides into

  1. Radial artery
  2. Ulnar artery

Both terminate at the Hand to anastomose with each other and and form the palmar arches

48
Q

Explain the route of the ulnar artery

A
  1. descends in the anterior compartment of the forearm
  2. passes into the hand anteriorly, on the ulnar side of the wrist (just lateral to FCU).
  3. The ulnar nerve lies medial to it at the wrist joint, i.e. from medial to lateral, the relationships are FCU, ulnar nerve, ulnar artery.
49
Q

What does the ulnar artery supply?

A
  • medial muscles of the forearm,
  • via branches including the
    • common interosseous artery,
    • the anterior interosseous artery
    • and the posterior interosseous artery.
50
Q

Explain the route of the radial artery

A
  • descends lateral aspect of the forearm under the the brachioradialis muscle.
  • It is easily palpable at the wrist
  • It crosses the floor of the anatomical snuff box and ultimately anastomosis with branches of the ulnar artery to form the palmar arches.
51
Q

Summarise the superficial venous drainage of the Arm

A
  1. Superficial venous dorsal network and superficial venous palmar arch drain into
    1. Cephalic vein (Lateral)
    2. Basilic vein (Medial)
  2. The Median cubital vein connects the two veins at the elbow
  3. Basilic vein forms the axillary vein which is joined by the cephalic vein to give the subclacian
52
Q

Explain the route of the deep veins in the forearm

A

Deep veins (venae comitantes) accompany the radial and ulnar arteries. They eventually flow to the brachial vein in the arm

53
Q

What are the boundries of the cubital fossa?

A
  1. brachioradialis muscle (lateral),
  2. pronator teres muscle (medial),
  3. the line between the humeral epicondyles (superior).
54
Q

What are the contents of the cubital fossa?

How are they related to one another

A

Deep

  1. Biceps tendon
  2. Brachial artery (medial to biceps tendon)
  3. Median nerve (Medial to brachial artery)
  4. Radial nerve laterally

Superficially

  • median cubital vein
55
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

A bone embedded in tendons/ muscles

56
Q

What kind of bone is the pisiform bone?

A

Sesamoid bone

57
Q

Which bone of the carpital bone regularly gets fractured that you can feel in the anatomical sniff box?

What is the associated probelm?

A
  1. The scaphoid regularly gets fractured
    • has recurrent blood flow that might get damaged –> necrosis
    • leading to problems+ pain in the wrist
58
Q

What is the anatomical snuff box?

Which structures pass through it?

A
  1. Space between the extensor pollicis longus tendon and the extensor pollicis brevis tendon on the thumb side
  2. The radial artery
  3. (+ radial nerve nearby)
59
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

7 Muscles

60
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

5 Muscles

  • 3x tumb
  • 1x index finger
61
Q

What is the origin of the superificial extensors of the forearm?

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digiti minimi= lateral epicondyle of humerus (common tendon origin)

  • extensor carpi radialis longus= supracondylar ridge

Year 2 LCRS Anatomy Limbs (15 decks)

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