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7 - Language Flashcards

1
Q

keychain of language

A

ideas, sentences, phrase, words, morphemes, phonemes

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2
Q

define idea/discourse

A

what is intended by speaker and derived by listener from input

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3
Q

define morphemes

A

smallest language units which carry meaning

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4
Q

morphemes can be what of which two things

A

free - stand alone e.g. apple

add-ons to free morphemes adding important info e.g. tense

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5
Q

define phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound distinguishing between words

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6
Q

phonemes can be recombined to produce what

A

novel utterances, creating new morphemes from them and so phrases from eords

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7
Q

what do we rely on when perceiving speech

A

knowledge, context, expectations to guide interpretation

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8
Q

because input is ambiguous what happens when we are listening

A

all possible meanings unconsciously but actively reviewed to understand meaning faster

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9
Q

variations in what 3 things affect speech perception

A

accent, mood, articulation

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10
Q

a study avout reviewing possibilities of discourse meanings found what

A

meanings are activated for a short amount of time

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11
Q

what’s the McGurk effect

A

seeing how someone’s lips move changes how we hear a sound despite hearing only one sound when not looking at lips

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12
Q

describe speech segmentation

A

identifying phonemes and knowing word boundaries by parsing speech stream as we perceive pauses

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13
Q

define coarticulation

A

phonemes overlapping as we prepare to say subsequent phoneme whilst saying another to increase fluency

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14
Q

define the phonemic restoration effect

A

hearing the complete word despite a phoneme being ommitted/replaced by using context to work out what the word should be

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15
Q

study found what about the phonemic restoration effect

A

claimed to hear full word and noise
context changes what we hear
can’t distinguish between what we hear and our inference

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16
Q

define categorical perception

A

being able to distinguish between categories of sounds but not within categories

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17
Q

why is categorical perception important

A

means we can hear vital differences without being distracted by unimportant subphonemic variations

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18
Q

define descriptive rules

A

say what language and determines how language is spoken

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19
Q

define prescriptive rules

A

how language should be spoken but not always correct as changes with time

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20
Q

what is grammar

A

how language should be spoken and is learnt unconsciously

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21
Q

syntax implicitly defines what

A

the relationship between words and creates structure

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22
Q

define phrase-structure rules

A

governing what elements and in what order they must be in a phrase

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23
Q

what is the phrase-structure rule about adjectives and adverbs

A

adjectives before nouns

adverbs before verbs

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24
Q

what is a noun phrase

A

article (the/an), noun

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25
what is a verb phrase
verb, noun phrase
26
what is sentence parsing
figuring out each word's syntactic role as we listen which can lead to errors
27
what are garden path sentences
initially being led to one interpretation but find out it's wrong as we listen to the whole sentence so reject the first interpretation and find another
28
what is temporary ambiguity in garden path sentences
early part of the sentence is open to interpretations but the latter part reflects the intended interpretation
29
what do we assume in sentence parsing about the voice
active-voice (noun is doing something) rather than passive-voice (noun is recipient)
30
sentence parsing is influenced by what
function words and morphemes signalling syntactic role e.g. -ly
31
define language cognition
hearing a sentence generates cognitive processing, e.g. memories, to determine how we'll interact and if we'll keep paying attention
32
how does the nature of language make it unique
richness, complexity, abstract nature, and there being 5k+ w different syntax/words/etc.
33
what do humans have which animals don't
same vocal cords, innate language capacity, being born with structures to learn easily
34
define language relativity
speaking different languages means thinking differently as having a richer vocab affects perception
35
in language relativity, what is used in language that becomes used in thought
categories | this is unique, systematic, and irreversible
36
what type of influence is it when language guides where attention is paid, to determines our thinking?
indirect influence through attention and experience which is reversible but other factors are influentia
37
why is language arbitrary?
no direct/logical thinking as to what something looks like and what it's called
38
what is duality of patterning
phonemes create and can be reused and reorganised to create meaningful morphemes
39
what is infinitive generative capacity
being able to combine phonemes, morphemes, and words in an infinite number of ways
40
what is syntactic recursion
embedding multiple things and phrases within sentences so they mean different things
41
what differences are there between animals and humans when it comes to infinitive generative capacity and syntactic recursion
animals have small vocabs | animals don't have syntax or anything similar
42
when does the length of utterances increase dramatically
after 18 months
43
can animals increase their length of utternaces
no | can't learn basic language aspects well with training either
44
define neural plasticity
brain's ability to change and adapt due to experience so brain can cope with indirect effects of brain damage
45
what is Broca's area
area in left frontal lobe controlling language production and is needed to pretend saying words
46
what is Wernicke's area
area in left frontal lobe needed to understand speech and need to imagine hearing a word
47
describe the arcuate fasciculus
white matter bundle of words connecting the two areas
48
being exposed to different languages at birth does what
slows speech at first but then children catch up soon after
49
bilinguals are better at doing which tasks
executive function tasks needing cognitive control and the PFC
50
what is the Simon effect
stimulus-response compatibility which requires exec functions to inhibit the automatic response when needing to say an incongruent response
51
do monolinguals or bilinguals have the fastest reaction time to inhibition
bilinguals | due to needing to inhibit the other language and its words/syntax when talking in the other
52
how are bilinguals who learnt both languages earlier and are better skilled different
have more grey matter in their left parietal and temporal areas than those learning language when older
53
how do babies and children learn language
sensitive to patterns and regularities from which principles are derived, and learn vocab and words not phon/morph
54
what is an over-regularisation error
over-relying on learnt principles
55
what was found in a PET scan comparing dead ands non-deaf people
identical region including Broca's area was activated and develops despite SL being a visual/motor task
56
when would the region activated which was found in the PET scans not be activated
if the person isn't proficient in ASL
57
how does transcranial direct current stimulation work
electrical current passed across scalp and targeted at certain regions to alter neuronal firing pattern to increase/decrease
58
when does tDCS work and not work
with post-stroke speech therapy to enhance outcome a lot | doesn't work without speech therapy
59
define aphasia
neuropsychological speech deficits
60
what is global aphasia
higher loss of all differnt types of language function
61
what is anomia
not being able to think of names for individual words but everything else is intact
62
what is Broca's/expressive aphasia
ability to understand language but not produce it
63
effects of Broca's aphasia
no grammar slow speech function words problem
64
what are people with Broca's aphasia able to do
answer non-verbally and produce speech sounds but can't combine so they're meaningful
65
what are the differences between mild and severe Broca's aphasia
only some vocab lost in mild and can't utter at all if severe
66
define Wernicke's aphasia
ability to produce speech but not understand language
67
what can people with Wernicke's aphasia not do
speak in a way that makes sense and has fluent grammar, comprehend non-verbal tasks, verbally identify verbs
68
define double dissociation
two related mental processes function independently to each other and areas of function don't overlap
69
with double dissociation, what two things aren't the same
damaged area and the cognitive result
70
define conduction aphasia
damage to arcuate fasciculus means one can comprehend and produce speech but not repeat what's been said
71
with conduction aphasia, what variation is there where only some things can't be said
can't repeat non-words or non-grammatical sentences as phon loop is needed but damaged and inherent semantics can't be relied on

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