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7 - Language Flashcards

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1
Q

keychain of language

A

ideas, sentences, phrase, words, morphemes, phonemes

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2
Q

define idea/discourse

A

what is intended by speaker and derived by listener from input

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3
Q

define morphemes

A

smallest language units which carry meaning

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4
Q

morphemes can be what of which two things

A

free - stand alone e.g. apple

add-ons to free morphemes adding important info e.g. tense

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5
Q

define phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound distinguishing between words

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6
Q

phonemes can be recombined to produce what

A

novel utterances, creating new morphemes from them and so phrases from eords

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7
Q

what do we rely on when perceiving speech

A

knowledge, context, expectations to guide interpretation

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8
Q

because input is ambiguous what happens when we are listening

A

all possible meanings unconsciously but actively reviewed to understand meaning faster

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9
Q

variations in what 3 things affect speech perception

A

accent, mood, articulation

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10
Q

a study avout reviewing possibilities of discourse meanings found what

A

meanings are activated for a short amount of time

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11
Q

what’s the McGurk effect

A

seeing how someone’s lips move changes how we hear a sound despite hearing only one sound when not looking at lips

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12
Q

describe speech segmentation

A

identifying phonemes and knowing word boundaries by parsing speech stream as we perceive pauses

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13
Q

define coarticulation

A

phonemes overlapping as we prepare to say subsequent phoneme whilst saying another to increase fluency

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14
Q

define the phonemic restoration effect

A

hearing the complete word despite a phoneme being ommitted/replaced by using context to work out what the word should be

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15
Q

study found what about the phonemic restoration effect

A

claimed to hear full word and noise
context changes what we hear
can’t distinguish between what we hear and our inference

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16
Q

define categorical perception

A

being able to distinguish between categories of sounds but not within categories

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17
Q

why is categorical perception important

A

means we can hear vital differences without being distracted by unimportant subphonemic variations

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18
Q

define descriptive rules

A

say what language and determines how language is spoken

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19
Q

define prescriptive rules

A

how language should be spoken but not always correct as changes with time

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20
Q

what is grammar

A

how language should be spoken and is learnt unconsciously

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21
Q

syntax implicitly defines what

A

the relationship between words and creates structure

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22
Q

define phrase-structure rules

A

governing what elements and in what order they must be in a phrase

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23
Q

what is the phrase-structure rule about adjectives and adverbs

A

adjectives before nouns

adverbs before verbs

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24
Q

what is a noun phrase

A

article (the/an), noun

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25
Q

what is a verb phrase

A

verb, noun phrase

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26
Q

what is sentence parsing

A

figuring out each word’s syntactic role as we listen which can lead to errors

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27
Q

what are garden path sentences

A

initially being led to one interpretation but find out it’s wrong as we listen to the whole sentence so reject the first interpretation and find another

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28
Q

what is temporary ambiguity in garden path sentences

A

early part of the sentence is open to interpretations but the latter part reflects the intended interpretation

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29
Q

what do we assume in sentence parsing about the voice

A

active-voice (noun is doing something) rather than passive-voice (noun is recipient)

30
Q

sentence parsing is influenced by what

A

function words and morphemes signalling syntactic role e.g. -ly

31
Q

define language cognition

A

hearing a sentence generates cognitive processing, e.g. memories, to determine how we’ll interact and if we’ll keep paying attention

32
Q

how does the nature of language make it unique

A

richness, complexity, abstract nature, and there being 5k+ w different syntax/words/etc.

33
Q

what do humans have which animals don’t

A

same vocal cords, innate language capacity, being born with structures to learn easily

34
Q

define language relativity

A

speaking different languages means thinking differently as having a richer vocab affects perception

35
Q

in language relativity, what is used in language that becomes used in thought

A

categories

this is unique, systematic, and irreversible

36
Q

what type of influence is it when language guides where attention is paid, to determines our thinking?

A

indirect influence through attention and experience which is reversible but other factors are influentia

37
Q

why is language arbitrary?

A

no direct/logical thinking as to what something looks like and what it’s called

38
Q

what is duality of patterning

A

phonemes create and can be reused and reorganised to create meaningful morphemes

39
Q

what is infinitive generative capacity

A

being able to combine phonemes, morphemes, and words in an infinite number of ways

40
Q

what is syntactic recursion

A

embedding multiple things and phrases within sentences so they mean different things

41
Q

what differences are there between animals and humans when it comes to infinitive generative capacity and syntactic recursion

A

animals have small vocabs

animals don’t have syntax or anything similar

42
Q

when does the length of utterances increase dramatically

A

after 18 months

43
Q

can animals increase their length of utternaces

A

no

can’t learn basic language aspects well with training either

44
Q

define neural plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change and adapt due to experience so brain can cope with indirect effects of brain damage

45
Q

what is Broca’s area

A

area in left frontal lobe controlling language production and is needed to pretend saying words

46
Q

what is Wernicke’s area

A

area in left frontal lobe needed to understand speech and need to imagine hearing a word

47
Q

describe the arcuate fasciculus

A

white matter bundle of words connecting the two areas

48
Q

being exposed to different languages at birth does what

A

slows speech at first but then children catch up soon after

49
Q

bilinguals are better at doing which tasks

A

executive function tasks needing cognitive control and the PFC

50
Q

what is the Simon effect

A

stimulus-response compatibility which requires exec functions to inhibit the automatic response when needing to say an incongruent response

51
Q

do monolinguals or bilinguals have the fastest reaction time to inhibition

A

bilinguals

due to needing to inhibit the other language and its words/syntax when talking in the other

52
Q

how are bilinguals who learnt both languages earlier and are better skilled different

A

have more grey matter in their left parietal and temporal areas than those learning language when older

53
Q

how do babies and children learn language

A

sensitive to patterns and regularities from which principles are derived, and learn vocab and words not phon/morph

54
Q

what is an over-regularisation error

A

over-relying on learnt principles

55
Q

what was found in a PET scan comparing dead ands non-deaf people

A

identical region including Broca’s area was activated and develops despite SL being a visual/motor task

56
Q

when would the region activated which was found in the PET scans not be activated

A

if the person isn’t proficient in ASL

57
Q

how does transcranial direct current stimulation work

A

electrical current passed across scalp and targeted at certain regions to alter neuronal firing pattern to increase/decrease

58
Q

when does tDCS work and not work

A

with post-stroke speech therapy to enhance outcome a lot

doesn’t work without speech therapy

59
Q

define aphasia

A

neuropsychological speech deficits

60
Q

what is global aphasia

A

higher loss of all differnt types of language function

61
Q

what is anomia

A

not being able to think of names for individual words but everything else is intact

62
Q

what is Broca’s/expressive aphasia

A

ability to understand language but not produce it

63
Q

effects of Broca’s aphasia

A

no grammar
slow speech
function words problem

64
Q

what are people with Broca’s aphasia able to do

A

answer non-verbally and produce speech sounds but can’t combine so they’re meaningful

65
Q

what are the differences between mild and severe Broca’s aphasia

A

only some vocab lost in mild and can’t utter at all if severe

66
Q

define Wernicke’s aphasia

A

ability to produce speech but not understand language

67
Q

what can people with Wernicke’s aphasia not do

A

speak in a way that makes sense and has fluent grammar, comprehend non-verbal tasks, verbally identify verbs

68
Q

define double dissociation

A

two related mental processes function independently to each other and areas of function don’t overlap

69
Q

with double dissociation, what two things aren’t the same

A

damaged area and the cognitive result

70
Q

define conduction aphasia

A

damage to arcuate fasciculus means one can comprehend and produce speech but not repeat what’s been said

71
Q

with conduction aphasia, what variation is there where only some things can’t be said

A

can’t repeat non-words or non-grammatical sentences as phon loop is needed but damaged and inherent semantics can’t be relied on

dumb brain (9 decks)

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